Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology Exam 2 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Social Cognition

A

The ways in which we interpret, analyze, remember, and use information about our social world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Social Categorization

A

Automatic process of forming categories of people based on their common attributes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Prototype

A

The most representative member of a category (Vague & Created through experience)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Exemplar

A

A specific person that we have memories of when thinking about a certain category

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Schema

A

A n organized structure about a stimulus that is built up from experience
- created through expereince
- guides in processing info
- how we store memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Person Schema

A

Contains people’s understanding of the psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gender Schema

A

A cognitive structure for processing information on perceived female or male qualities
- adheres to cultural standards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Scripts (Event Schemas)

A

Cognitive structure that organizes information about about information about the sequences of events in well known situations
- Expectations about what will happen
- Culture Bound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Priming

A

Recent exposure to certain stimuli increases the accessibility of certain memories, categories, or schemas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Consistency Seekers

A

People who are motivated to reduce cognitive dissonance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Naive Scientists

A

People who are highly rational thinkers and make slow an accurate decisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cognitive Misers

A

People who want to do least amount of mental work when making a decision; use cognitive shortcuts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Motivated Tactician

A

a person who alternates between using quick, thinking and more thorough strategies based on their motivation level.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Effects of Schemas

A
  • Easier to remember information if it fits into your schema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Stereotypes

A

Generalized beliefs about group members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

When a relationship between two variables is expected, participants often overestimate the degree of relationships that exist or impose a relationship when none actually exist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What study supports Illusory Correlation

A

Chapman (1967) and Hamilton and Grifford (1976)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Chapman Methodology

A
  • Lion-tiger Study
  • words paired together at an equal ratio
  • Participants were asked how often each word was paired with the other words
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Chapman (1967) Results

A

Words commonly associated together were reported to have occurred together more often

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Chapman Independent Variable

A

Word Pairs (Lion-Tiger, Eggs-Bacon, Lion-Bacon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Chapman (1967) Dependent Variable

A

Participants estimation on how often each word was paired with the other words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Associative Meaning

A

Two items seen as belonging together based on prior expectations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Paired Distinctiveness

A

Two items are thought to go together because they share unusual features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hamilton & Grifford (1976) method

A
  • Participants read statements about group a and group b
  • Group B was the minority group (had less overall statements)
  • Both groups had the same ratio of positive and negative statements
  • Participants were told to estimate the number of positive statements about each group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hamilton and Grifford (1976) Independent Variable

A

Participants reading statements about group a and group b

26
Q

Hamilton and Grifford (1976) Dependent Variable

A

Participants estimating the number of positive statements about each group

27
Q

Heuristics

A

A rapid form of thinking that uses mental shortcuts that reduce complex judgments

28
Q

When do people use heuristics?

A
  • make complex judgments in a short period of time
  • large volume of info
29
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

Assuming someone is a member of a certain category/group because they possess attributes we associate with that category/group

30
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

The frequency or likelihood of an event in terms of how easy it is to think of examples of that event

31
Q

Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic

A

A tendency to to be biased toward the starting value or anchor in making quantitative judgements

32
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

After an event has occurred, overestimate our ability to have foreseen the outcome

33
Q

Counterfactual Thinking

A

Evaluating events by imagining alternative versions or outcomes to what actually happened

34
Q

Why do we do counterfactual thinking

A

to help us feel better after a negative outcome

35
Q

Person/Social Perception

A

The process by which we try to detect other people’s temporary states, beliefs, traits, and abilities

36
Q

Nonverbal Communication

A

Communicating feelings and intentions without words

37
Q

Primary Facial Expression Emotions

A

Anger, Disgust, Fear, Happiness, Surprise, Sadness, and Contempt

38
Q

Nonconscious Mimicry

A

The tendency to adopt the behaviors, postures, or mannerisms, of interaction partners without conscious awareness

39
Q

Social Role Theory

A

The theory that all behavioral differences between males and females can be accounted for in terms of cultural stereotypes about gender and resulting social roles are taught to the young

40
Q

Central Traits

A

Traits that exert greater influence on people’s overall impressions than other traits

41
Q

Implicit Personality Theory

A

A type of schema people use to organize and make sense of which personality traits and behaviors go together

42
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Seek information that supports our preexisting beliefs (and first impressions) while ignoring disconfirming info

43
Q

Self Fulfilling Prophecy

A

The Process by which someone’s expectations about a person or group leads to the fulfillment of these expectations

44
Q

What does the Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) study support

A

Self Fulfilling Prophecies

45
Q

Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) Method

A
  • IQ test to students, informed teachers of potential bloomers
  • Placebo Affect –> Teachers gave more attention to the students told to be special and they improved; the other students did worse or had no improvement
46
Q

Rosenthal & Jacobson Independent Variable

A

Student Random Assignment of potential bloomer or non potential bloomer

47
Q

Rosenthal & Jacobson Dependent Variable

A

Performance of children on IQ test 1 year later

48
Q

Belief in a Just World

A

Belief system that world world is fair and equitable (people get what they deserve good or bad)

49
Q

Pros of Belief in a Just World

A
  • sense of control
  • less depression and stress
  • more satisfaction
50
Q

Cons of Belief in a Just World

A
  • Defensive Attributions
  • Victim Blaming
51
Q

Defensive Attrubutions

A

The tendency to make attributions which help one deal with perceived inequities in others lives to maintain the belief in a just world

52
Q

what study supports belief in a just world

A

Walster (1996)

53
Q

Walster (1996) Method

A
  • Participants given a car accident report ab guy who’s parking brake came loose and rolled down a hill
  • Car either causes severe or minimal damage
  • Participants asked to indicate the extent to which they attributed responsibility to guy for accident
  • Severe Damage –> More responsible
  • Minimal Damage –> Less responsible
54
Q

Walster (1996) Independent Variable

A

Car causes either severe or minimal damage

55
Q

Walster (1996) Dependent Variable

A

Participants asked to indicate the extent to which they attributed responsibility to guy for accident

56
Q

Correspondent Inference Theory

A

make inferences about people’s stable dispositions when behaviors can be explained by the situation

57
Q

What study supports the correspondent inference theory

A

Castro Study
Jones and Harris (1967)

58
Q

Castro Study Independent variables

A
  1. Pro or Anti Castro Essay
  2. Told the writer was coerced to write pro Castro or was allowed to freely choose position
59
Q

Castro Study Dependent

A

Participants guess the students true position

60
Q

Castro Study Results

A

Participants ignored the fact that they were coerced by their teacher and still thought they were pro Castro

Psychology Exam 2 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions