Chapter 4 Flashcards
What is Entry behavior?
Entry behavior is what we know about something.
What is Learning in Behaviorism?
By the process of conditioning, we build an array of stimulus-response connections, and more complex behaviors are learned by building up series or chains of responses.
Who created the classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
What is the classical conditioning?
Classical conditioning in Pavlov’s words refers to the learning process consisted of the formation of associations between stimuli and reflexive responses.
How did Pavlov hold his experiments?
He held experiments with dogs, which ended in the acquisition of a conditioned response with stimulus that drove to responses non-seen before.
Who coined the term Behaviorism?
John Watson
What did the Law of Effect show?
The Law of Effect showed that stimuli that occurred after a behavior had an influence on future behaviors.
Thorndike’s approach was labeled…
Neobehaviorism
How did Skinner deem Pavlov’s conditioning?
He deemed it as respondent conditioning
What was Skinner’s conditioning?
It was Operant conditioning
How did Skinner’s conditioning work?
One operates on the environment. One receives rewards. Linguistically, a child’s attempts to produce language are, in Skinner’s model, operants that are in turn reinforced by a parent’s responses.
What happens if a stimuli is not reinforced?
It will extinguish.
What’s a negative reinforcement?
It’s punishment, which is defined as either the withdrawal of a positive reinforcer (such as food, a hug, or a smile) or the presentation of an aversive stimulus (say, a harsh reprimand).
What did David Ausubel do?
He described the rote learning and meaningful learning.
How did David Ausubel describe Human Learning?
Human learning was described as a meaningful process of relating new events or items to already existing cognitive structure.
What is rote learning?
Rote learning is the process of acquiring material as “discrete and relatively isolated entities” that have little or no association with existing cognitive structure
What is meaningful learning?
Meaningful learning, or subsumption, is a process of relating and anchoring new material to relevant established entities in cognitive structure.
What is manufacturing meaningfulness and who called it?
Smith called manufacturing meaningfulness to the inventing artificial mnemonic devices to remember a list of items, perhaps for an upcoming examination.
How is forgetting things in the behavioral approach seen?
It’s seen as the infrequency of input, the cessation of practice and lack of reinforcement.
How is forgetting things in the cognitive approach seen?
A cognitive perspective looks at saliency, relevance, emotion and the strength of anchoring mental sets that capture a trace of memory.
What is retroactive inhibition?
Retroactive inhibition is when the rote learned material’s retention is influenced by the interfering effects of similar rote material learned immediately after the learning task.
What is proactive inhibition?
Proactive inhibition is when the rote learned material’s retention is influenced by the interfering effects of similar rote material learned immediately before the learning task.
