Chapter 4 Flashcards
What is Entry behavior?
Entry behavior is what we know about something.
What is Learning in Behaviorism?
By the process of conditioning, we build an array of stimulus-response connections, and more complex behaviors are learned by building up series or chains of responses.
Who created the classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
What is the classical conditioning?
Classical conditioning in Pavlov’s words refers to the learning process consisted of the formation of associations between stimuli and reflexive responses.
How did Pavlov hold his experiments?
He held experiments with dogs, which ended in the acquisition of a conditioned response with stimulus that drove to responses non-seen before.
Who coined the term Behaviorism?
John Watson
What did the Law of Effect show?
The Law of Effect showed that stimuli that occurred after a behavior had an influence on future behaviors.
Thorndike’s approach was labeled…
Neobehaviorism
How did Skinner deem Pavlov’s conditioning?
He deemed it as respondent conditioning
What was Skinner’s conditioning?
It was Operant conditioning
How did Skinner’s conditioning work?
One operates on the environment. One receives rewards. Linguistically, a child’s attempts to produce language are, in Skinner’s model, operants that are in turn reinforced by a parent’s responses.
What happens if a stimuli is not reinforced?
It will extinguish.
What’s a negative reinforcement?
It’s punishment, which is defined as either the withdrawal of a positive reinforcer (such as food, a hug, or a smile) or the presentation of an aversive stimulus (say, a harsh reprimand).
What did David Ausubel do?
He described the rote learning and meaningful learning.
How did David Ausubel describe Human Learning?
Human learning was described as a meaningful process of relating new events or items to already existing cognitive structure.
What is rote learning?
Rote learning is the process of acquiring material as “discrete and relatively isolated entities” that have little or no association with existing cognitive structure
What is meaningful learning?
Meaningful learning, or subsumption, is a process of relating and anchoring new material to relevant established entities in cognitive structure.
What is manufacturing meaningfulness and who called it?
Smith called manufacturing meaningfulness to the inventing artificial mnemonic devices to remember a list of items, perhaps for an upcoming examination.
How is forgetting things in the behavioral approach seen?
It’s seen as the infrequency of input, the cessation of practice and lack of reinforcement.
How is forgetting things in the cognitive approach seen?
A cognitive perspective looks at saliency, relevance, emotion and the strength of anchoring mental sets that capture a trace of memory.
What is retroactive inhibition?
Retroactive inhibition is when the rote learned material’s retention is influenced by the interfering effects of similar rote material learned immediately after the learning task.
What is proactive inhibition?
Proactive inhibition is when the rote learned material’s retention is influenced by the interfering effects of similar rote material learned immediately before the learning task.
What is obliteration or obliterative stage of subsumtion?
It’s to forget larger information rather than the concept itself.
How is forgetting things described in the cognitive pruning?
In the cognitive pruning, this is basically described as the elimination of unnecessary clutter just to clear the way for more growth
What is automaticity in the SLA?
The automaticity in SLA is when the devices used to teach are washed away at later stages of language learning.
What is Language attrition?
Language attrition is mainly focused on the loss of 2nd language skills.
What is Subtractive bilingualism?
In subtractive bilingualism lies native language forgetting, which learners rely more on the 2nd language.
How did Carl Rogers account human behavior?
He accounted for human behavior in terms of a phenomenological perspective, as the whole person was physical, cognitive and emotional.
According to Carl Rogers, what are teachers?
According to Rogers, teachers are facilitators of learning and they must keep open lines of comunication with students.
What is banking concepts of education?
Teachers think of their task as one of “filling” students “by making deposits of information which [they] consider to constitute true knowledge— deposits which are detached from reality”
What did Paolo Freire create?
He created the banking concepts of education.
What did Paolo Freire write?
He wrote Pedagogy of the Oppressed.
Mediation involves…
symbols, signs and language.
Mediation is created by…
Lev Vygotsky.
A child’s early stages of language acquisition are…
an outgrowth of the process of “meaning-making in collaborative activity with other members of a given culture’’.
What did Robert Gagné?
He created the list of types of learning.
Signal, stimulus-response, chaining, verb association, multiple dimension, concept, principle and problem solving are part of…
types of learning.
Tranfer means…
the carryover of previous performance or knowledge to future learning
Retroactive transfer refers
to the effect of a current act of learning on previously learned material
Positive transfer is
when a previous item is correctly applied to the present subject matter
Negative transfer or interference means
when the previous item disrupts or inhibits the current one.
Generalization involves
inferring or deriving a law, rule, or conclusion from the observation of particular instances.
Inductive reasoning is
where one stores a number of specific instances and induces a general law or rule or conclusion that governs or subsumes the specific instances.
Deductive reasoning is
a movement from a generalization to specific instances: A general principle allows a person to infer specific facts.
What is established systems?
These are the ideas and concepts you’ve already learned and stored in your brain. When new information “interacts” or connects well with these systems, it’s easier to retain (remember) over time.
What is pruning?
Pruning is a natural process that occurs in the brain where it eliminates or “cuts back” connections between neurons that are no longer useful or needed
In language aptitude lies…
Risk-taking behavior, memory efficiency, intelligent guessing, willingness to communicate, low anxiety, and ambiguity tolerance.
Multiple intelligences were created by…
Howard Gardner.
Multiple intelligences are…
linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, intrapersonal.
Types of smartness are…
analytical thinking, creative thinking, streeat smartness.
Robert Sternberg created…
a triarchic view of intelligence or types of smartness.
EQ is described by
Daniel Goleman.
The Audiolingual Method is
pronunciation and pattern drills and conversation practice in 1950s.
Community Language Learning was created by
Charles Curran
In the Community Language Learning CCL, teachers are
counselors
What is an operant?
Operants are acts that are emitted with no observable stimulus and governed by the consequences they produce.
