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PSYCH 1000 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Lifespan Development

A

Human development from conception to death. Blend of genetics, culture, environment, relationships, and more. Focus on how people change

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2
Q

Physical Development

A

Changes in body, brain, skills, etc

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3
Q

Cognitive Development

A

Changes in learning, attention, memory, language, etc

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4
Q

Psychosocial Development

A

Changes in emotions, personality, relationships, etc

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5
Q

Research Methods

A

Naturalistic, case studies, surveys, experiments, correlational studies

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6
Q

Cross-Sectional Design

A

Recruits people of different ages to collect data on the same outcome. Convenient, quick, and easy, but results are subject to cohort effects (are differences real or related to differential exposure?)

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7
Q

Longitudinal Design

A

Recruits the same people at different points in time (e.g., different ages). Reduces cohort effect and can support causal inferences, but costs time and money and is subject to attrition

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8
Q

Longitudinal Sequential

A

The most comprehensive design (combination of Cross-sectional and longitudinal designs). Recruits people of different ages and follows these same people at different points in time (different ages across the same timeframe)

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9
Q

Continuous Development

A

View that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills

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10
Q

Discontinuous Development

A

View that development happens in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ages

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11
Q

Nature

A

Genes and biology. What you’re born with (genes for freckles and dimples)

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12
Q

Nurture

A

Environment and culture. How you’re raised (attitudes, beliefs, values)

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13
Q

Nature vs. Nurture

A

Inseparable. Evidence suggests that the two interact (gene-environment interactions). Experiences can turn genes on or off. The debate now focuses on relative contribution rather than which best explains behaviour

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14
Q

Psychosexual Theory

A

Developed by Freud. Personality develops and is shaped by early childhood experiences. Children are pleasure-seeking. Discontinuous (stage-like) development. Stages are oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

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15
Q

Psychosocial Stages

A

8 developmental stages developed by Erik Erikson. Each stage associated with a different drive and a problem or crisis to resolve. Occurs through to adulthood. Conflict/task in stages drives development via mastery. Failure = inadequacy

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16
Q

Stage 1

A

Birth - 1 year

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17
Q

Stage 2

A

1-3 years

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18
Q

Stage 3

A

3-5 years

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19
Q

Stage 4

A

5-12 years

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20
Q

Stage 5

A

Adolescence

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21
Q

Stage 6

A

Young adulthood

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22
Q

Stage 7

A

Middle adulthood

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23
Q

Stage 8

A

Late adulthood - death

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24
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust

A

Stage 1. Infants must rely on others for care. Consistent and dependable caregiving and meeting infant needs leads to a sense of trust, Infants who are not well cared for develop a sense of mistrust

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25
Q

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

A

Stage 2. Babies discovering their own independence. Those given the opportunity to experience independence will develop a sense of autonomy. Children who are overly restrained or punished harshly will develop shame and doubt.

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26
Q

Initiative vs. Guilt

A

Stage 3. Children are exposed to the wider social world and given greater responsibility. Sense of accomplishment lead to initiative, whereas feelings of guilt can emerge if the child is made to feel too anxious or irresponsible

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27
Q

Industry vs. Inferiority

A

Stage 4. Mastery of knowledge and intellectual skills. Sense of competence and achievement leads to industry. Feeling incompetent and unproductive leads to inferiority

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28
Q

Identity vs. Confusion

A

Stage 5. Developing a sense of who one is and where they are going in life. Successful resolution leads to positive identity. Unsuccessful resolution leads to identity confusion and a negative identity

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29
Q

Intimacy vs. Isolation

A

Stage 6. Time for sharing oneself with another person. Capacity to hold commitments with others leads to intimacy. Failure to establish commitments leads to feelings of isolation

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30
Q

Generativity vs. Stagnation

A

Stage 7. Caring for others in family, friends, and work leads to sense of contribution to later generations. Stagnation comes from a sense of boredom and meaninglessness

31
Q

Integrity vs. Despair

A

Stage 8. Successful resolution of all previous crises leads to integrity and the ability to see broad truths and advise those in earlier stages. Despair arises from feelings of helplessness in the sense that life has been incomplete

32
Q

Schema

A

Jean Piaget’s stages. Networks of associations, beliefs, and expectations about categories of things and people. Mental molds in which we pour our experiences.

33
Q

Assimilation

A

Adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known.

34
Q

Accomodation

A

Adjustment of a schema by changing a scheme to accommodate new information different from what was already known.

35
Q

Equilibrium

A

Engaging in assimilation and accommodation to achieve equilibrium

36
Q

Piaget’s Stage 1

A

Sensorimotor. 0-2 years. Constructs understanding of world. Sensory experiences and physical actions. Reflexes to beginning of symbolic thought

37
Q

Piaget’s Stage 2

A

Preoperational. 2-7 years. Begins to represent world with words and images. Symbolic thinking. Conservation task failed.

38
Q

Piaget’s Stage 3

A

Concrete Operational. 8-11 years. Children acquire logical thinking skills. Mathematical transformations. Conservation developed. Can classify objects into different sets.

39
Q

Piaget’s Stage 4

A

Formal Operation. 11 years - adulthood. Adolescents reason in more abstract, idealistic, and logical ways.

40
Q

Object Permanence

A

Objects still exist even when out of view. Develops at 8 months, in the sensorimotor stage of development. Under 6 months, when an object is not visible, it no longer exists.

41
Q

Conservation

A

Idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size, volume, or number as long as nothing is added or removed.

42
Q

Egocentrism

A

Preoperational Stage. Children do not have the ability to take another’s viewpoint.

43
Q

Theory of Mind

A

Preschoolers eventually start to realize that people have minds.

44
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)

A

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)

45
Q

Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder

A

As moral development progresses, the focus of concern moves from the self to the wider social world.

46
Q

Preconventional Level

A

First level of Moral Ladder.

47
Q

Morality of Self Interest

A

To avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

48
Q

Conventional Level

A

Conventional Level

49
Q

Morality of Law and Social Rules

A

To gain approval or avoid social disapproval

50
Q

Postconventional Level

A

Third level of Kohlberg’s moral ladder

51
Q

Morality of Abstract Principles

A

To affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles

52
Q

Prenatal Development

A

Pregnancy (~40 weeks). Fetus protected by the placental barrier and the blood-brain barrier (not fully developed as a fetus).

53
Q

Zygote

A

Up to 2 weeks

54
Q

Embryo

A

2-8 weeks

55
Q

Fetus

A

8 weeks - birth

56
Q

Organogenesis

A

Begins in 1st trimester. Organs begin to form. Responds to sound at end of 2nd trimester.

57
Q

Teratogens

A

Chemicals or viruses that can harm the physical, behavioural, and cognitive development of an embryo or a fetus

58
Q

Smoking During Pregnancy

A

Can cause birth defects, lower birth weight, spontaneous abortion, and premature births

59
Q

Caffeine Consumption During Pregnancy

A

Can cause lower birth weight and an increased risk of SIDS. Higher consumption linked to miscarriage

60
Q

Intersex

A

When genetic sex and gonadal sex don’t match or are ambiguous. Typically affect the person’s reproductive likelihood

61
Q

Habituation

A

Babies will attend to new stimuli when presented. The more often it gets presented, the weaker the response

61
Q

Secure Attachment

A

Predicts social competence

62
Q

Imprinting

A

The processes by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life. Genetically predetermined response

62
Q

Basic trust

A

A sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy. Said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

63
Q

Strange-Situation Test

A

An experiment with a parent, child, and a stranger. Stranger should cause anxiety in the child. Securely or insecurely attached.

64
Q

Self-Concept

A

A sense of one’s identity and personal worth

65
Q

Self Concept in Humans

A

Starts at 6 months. Fully developed at 18 months

66
Q

Authoritarian Parenting

A

Parents impose rules and expect obedience. Children have low self esteem, anxious, have angry and violent tendencies

67
Q

Permissive Parenting

A

Submits to children’s desires, makes few demands, and uses little punishment. Children

68
Q

Authoritative Parenting

A

Both demanding and responsive, sets rules, explains reasons and encourages open discussions. Children are cooperative and have high self esteem, self-control, and social maturity

69
Q

Uninvolved Parenting

A

Parents are emotionally detached, depressed, and have little time or energy for their children. Children are anxious, have poor communication skills, and exhibit anti-social behaviours

70
Q

Puberty

A

The period of sexual maturation. When a person becomes capable of reproduction. Age 11-13 for females. Age 13 for males

71
Q

Menopause

A

The cessation of menstruation. Refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. Roughly 48-55 years

PSYCH 1000 (2 decks)

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