Chapter 4 Flashcards
Lifespan Development
Human development from conception to death. Blend of genetics, culture, environment, relationships, and more. Focus on how people change
Physical Development
Changes in body, brain, skills, etc
Cognitive Development
Changes in learning, attention, memory, language, etc
Psychosocial Development
Changes in emotions, personality, relationships, etc
Research Methods
Naturalistic, case studies, surveys, experiments, correlational studies
Cross-Sectional Design
Recruits people of different ages to collect data on the same outcome. Convenient, quick, and easy, but results are subject to cohort effects (are differences real or related to differential exposure?)
Longitudinal Design
Recruits the same people at different points in time (e.g., different ages). Reduces cohort effect and can support causal inferences, but costs time and money and is subject to attrition
Longitudinal Sequential
The most comprehensive design (combination of Cross-sectional and longitudinal designs). Recruits people of different ages and follows these same people at different points in time (different ages across the same timeframe)
Continuous Development
View that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills
Discontinuous Development
View that development happens in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ages
Nature
Genes and biology. What you’re born with (genes for freckles and dimples)
Nurture
Environment and culture. How you’re raised (attitudes, beliefs, values)
Nature vs. Nurture
Inseparable. Evidence suggests that the two interact (gene-environment interactions). Experiences can turn genes on or off. The debate now focuses on relative contribution rather than which best explains behaviour
Psychosexual Theory
Developed by Freud. Personality develops and is shaped by early childhood experiences. Children are pleasure-seeking. Discontinuous (stage-like) development. Stages are oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
Psychosocial Stages
8 developmental stages developed by Erik Erikson. Each stage associated with a different drive and a problem or crisis to resolve. Occurs through to adulthood. Conflict/task in stages drives development via mastery. Failure = inadequacy
Stage 1
Birth - 1 year
Stage 2
1-3 years
Stage 3
3-5 years
Stage 4
5-12 years
Stage 5
Adolescence
Stage 6
Young adulthood
Stage 7
Middle adulthood
Stage 8
Late adulthood - death
Trust vs. Mistrust
Stage 1. Infants must rely on others for care. Consistent and dependable caregiving and meeting infant needs leads to a sense of trust, Infants who are not well cared for develop a sense of mistrust