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Environmental Bio Exam 2 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Natural Selection?

A

The differential survival due to differences in phenotype to match environment.

An organism’s physiology and behavior allow it to survive only in certain environments.

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2
Q

What is Taxon?

A

any named groups of organisms that is sufficiently distinct to be assigned a specific category

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3
Q

What is phylogenetics?

A

the study of evolutionary relation among groups of organisms

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4
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A

branching diagram or tree showing the inferred evolutionary relationship among varying biological species

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5
Q

What is a species? (Biological species concept)

A

Species are members of populations that actually or potentially interbreed in nature

Populations of organisms that have a high level of genetic similarity

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6
Q

What is a species? (Evolutionary species concept)

A

A sexual species where the largest single lineage in which there is integration through gene flow

A lineage is a single line of direct ancestry and descent or a single branch of a phylogenetic tree

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7
Q

What is Ecological Species?

A

set of organisms adapted to a particular set of resources, called a niche

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8
Q

What is reproductive species?

A

naturally to produce fertile offsprings of both sexes

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9
Q

What is Isolation species?

A

actually or potentially interbreeding populations

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10
Q

What is genetic species?

A

similarity of DNA of individuals or populations

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11
Q

What is evolutionary significant unit?

A

population considered distinct for purposes of conservation

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12
Q

Is identifying “species” unclear?

A

Yes

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13
Q

What is Species diversity?

A

the number of different kinds of organisms in an ecosystem

The effective number of species present, including both the simple event of number of species (species richness) and relative abundance (species eveness)

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14
Q

What is ecological diversity?

A

the richness and complexity of a biological community

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15
Q

What is genetic diversity?

A

variety of different versions of the same genes within a species

total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species

The number of different genetic types in a population, including the number of varieties in a cultivated species

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16
Q

What is species richness?

A

count of species, but does not account for abundance
One must account for both abundance and richness

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17
Q

What is dominance indices?

A

Abundance of common species

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18
Q

What is information statistics?

A

Take in account rare species

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19
Q

What is ecosystem diversity?

A

the richness and complexity of a biological community incorporating both the habitats and the communities of organisms

variety of ecosystems present in a biosphere, the variety of species and ecological process that occur in different physical settings

the number of different ecosystems present in a large region

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20
Q

How many species are there?

A

Species - 1.7/1.8/2 million
Estimates ~ 10 - 13 million

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21
Q

What is Endemism?

A

unique to particular geographical location, such as a specific island, habitat type, nation or other defined zone (Only in one particular area)

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22
Q

What is indigenous?

A

originating or naturally occurring in a particular place, but not only in that location place

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23
Q

What is introduced?

A

brought to a particular place by human activity

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24
Q

Every individual is unique in the combination of ____________ and _____________

A

Genetic and Cultural development

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25
Q

What is variation?

A

An inherent property of individual components in biological systems, which is handled by replicate observation or experiments

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26
Q

What is Replicates?

A

Multiple cases of the same test, control, or observations, to provide statistical reliability in the results

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27
Q

Soil organisms, bacteria, and protozoa are not___________

A

assessible

28
Q

How many species are undiscovered/undescribed?

A

13 million

29
Q

How many organisms are extinct?

A

3.8 billion

30
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

The basis of the survival of the fittest, and is essential to the survival of species in habitats that are always changing in the long term

31
Q

What is biological diversity?

A

the total number of species in an area, or the total for the world

is a measure of the genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity of the living resources anywhere/everywhere and requires protection of ecosystems

32
Q

What is Ecosystem Services?

A

the conditions and processes through which natural ecosystems, and the species which make them up, sustain and fulfill human life

33
Q

______________________ merit priority habitat protection because of the concentration of unique species in them

A

Biodiversity hotspot

a region w/ a high level of endemic species

34
Q

An ecosystem may be functionally impacted by reduced populations of ________

A

Key species

these species need not become extinct for damages to occur

35
Q

Classification emphasizes what?

A

Similarities and hides differences

the higher the rank of a class, the less its members have in common

36
Q

All living things are made of ________.
All living cells arise from ___________.
All living things have evolved from ______________.

A

Cells

Pre-existing cells

common ancestors

37
Q

________ between organisms has had profound evolutionary consequences and is a fundamental aspect of all eukaryotic cells and all ecosystems

A

Symbiosis

38
Q

What is the goal of systematics?

A

Group organisms into monophyletic taxon, which include all descendants of a given ancestor and no other species

39
Q

Species evolve as ___________ accumulates.

A

Genetic mutations

they may become single new species (speciation) or diverge into 2 new species (adaptive mutation)

40
Q

What is Evolution?

A

process by which the Biodiversity of life has arisen

the change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations

41
Q

What are the three facts of evolution by natural selection are based on?

A

More offspring are produced than can possibly survive
- 4/7 babies die before modern technology
- 1/10,000 babies die in modern time due to science

Traits vary amongst individual

Trait differences are heritable

42
Q

What kind of change does evolution occurs?

A

heritable traits

43
Q

What is a Genotype?

A

Inherited traits controlled by genes and the complete set of genes within an organism’s genome

44
Q

What is a Phenotype?

A

complete set of observable traits (appearance) that makes up the structure and behavior of an organism

45
Q

Variation arises from __________.

A

genetic diversity

46
Q

Where does variation come from?

A

Mutations in genetic material
Sexual reproduction
Migration between populations

47
Q

How does mutation changes in the genetic sequence of the genomic material? (DNA or RNA)

A

Caused by:
- Radiation
- Viruses
- Mutagenic chemicals
- Errors during meiosis
Spontaneous mutation
Induced mutation

48
Q

What is deep homology?

A

describe cases where growth and differentiation processes are governed by genetic mechanisms that are homologous and deeply conserved across a wide range of species

49
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A

the offspring of sexual organisms contain random mixtures of their parents chromosomes that are produced through independent assortment
- 50% from mom 50% from dad

50
Q

What is Tolerance limits?

A

Environmental factors have both minimum and maximum levels

51
Q

The factors determine an organism’s _____________ or ____________.

A

habitat or ecological niche

52
Q

Success is indicated by _______________.

A

“fitness” (the best adapted to the environment)

Less-fit individuals have lower or no success in reproduction
Fitter individuals are disproportionately represented in future generations

53
Q

What are the three different types of graph changes for an organism’s adaptability/fitness?

A

Directional selection (population shifted in one direction ⇒)

Stabilizing selection (Middle section survives and removes the tails ↓⇑↓)

Disruptive selection (Something kills the species in the middle of the graph [predator or virus] and the other tail selection survives ⇑ ❌ ⇑)

54
Q

What is competitive exclusion principle?

A

Competition causes resource partitioning and niche specialization

Over time traits diverge loading to:
Specialization
Narrower niche width
Less competition

Ecological niches

55
Q

What is Adaptation?

A

the process that makes organisms better suited to its habitat

56
Q

What is speciation?

A

process where a species diverges into two or more descendent species

evolutionary process by which new biological species arise

57
Q

What is Extinction?

A

disappearance of an entire species

58
Q

What is Antibiotic resistance?

A

type of drug resistance where a microorganism is able to survive exposure to an antibiotic

59
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

organisms diversity rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms

Rapid Evolution

60
Q

Why should we care about biodiversity?

A

Provides:
Ecological services
- Soil formation
- Waste disposal
- Air and water purification
- Nutrients cycling
- Solar energy absorption

Food
- Livestock
- 8,800 mammal animals to eat but human eat 38 species of animals
- Humans could eat 580 marine life but only eat 10
- Humans eat 9 species of crops out of 200

Drugs and medicine
- Bionics: is the application of biological methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology

Aesthetic and culture
Guam
- $1.6 billion
- 20,300 jobs (33% of total employment)

61
Q

When was the Cambrian Explosion? What was formed?

A

547 million years

Multicellular life

62
Q

What is the 5 kingdom model?

A

Eukaryotic
Monera (Bacteria): Unicellular w/o a nucleus (prone to mutations because DNA isn’t protected)

Protista: Unicellular w/ a nucleus; varied life histories (trashbin; not well-known)

Fungi: Nucleus + cell walls of chitin

Plantae: Nucleus + cell walls of cellulate

Animalia: Nucleus but no cell wall

63
Q

What is the 7 kingdom model?

A

Prokaryota + Eukaryota

Prokaryote = w/o nucleus
- Archaea: Unicellular w/o a nucleus (feed from chemicals, survive in extreme environments)
- Bacteria

Formerly protista
- Protazoa
- Chromista: Unicellular w/ chlorophyll + molik gametes

  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
64
Q

How is modern taxonomy changing?

A

Advent of genetic analysis allows comparisons of similarities in genetic elements

65
Q

What is morphological species concept?

A

Includes all members who are morphologically(structurally) highly similar

Environmental Bio Exam 2 (6 decks)

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