Chapter 4 Flashcards
What is Natural Selection?
The differential survival due to differences in phenotype to match environment.
An organism’s physiology and behavior allow it to survive only in certain environments.
What is Taxon?
any named groups of organisms that is sufficiently distinct to be assigned a specific category
What is phylogenetics?
the study of evolutionary relation among groups of organisms
What is a phylogenetic tree?
branching diagram or tree showing the inferred evolutionary relationship among varying biological species
What is a species? (Biological species concept)
Species are members of populations that actually or potentially interbreed in nature
Populations of organisms that have a high level of genetic similarity
What is a species? (Evolutionary species concept)
A sexual species where the largest single lineage in which there is integration through gene flow
A lineage is a single line of direct ancestry and descent or a single branch of a phylogenetic tree
What is Ecological Species?
set of organisms adapted to a particular set of resources, called a niche
What is reproductive species?
naturally to produce fertile offsprings of both sexes
What is Isolation species?
actually or potentially interbreeding populations
What is genetic species?
similarity of DNA of individuals or populations
What is evolutionary significant unit?
population considered distinct for purposes of conservation
Is identifying “species” unclear?
Yes
What is Species diversity?
the number of different kinds of organisms in an ecosystem
The effective number of species present, including both the simple event of number of species (species richness) and relative abundance (species eveness)
What is ecological diversity?
the richness and complexity of a biological community
What is genetic diversity?
variety of different versions of the same genes within a species
total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species
The number of different genetic types in a population, including the number of varieties in a cultivated species
What is species richness?
count of species, but does not account for abundance
One must account for both abundance and richness
What is dominance indices?
Abundance of common species
What is information statistics?
Take in account rare species
What is ecosystem diversity?
the richness and complexity of a biological community incorporating both the habitats and the communities of organisms
variety of ecosystems present in a biosphere, the variety of species and ecological process that occur in different physical settings
the number of different ecosystems present in a large region
How many species are there?
Species - 1.7/1.8/2 million
Estimates ~ 10 - 13 million
What is Endemism?
unique to particular geographical location, such as a specific island, habitat type, nation or other defined zone (Only in one particular area)
What is indigenous?
originating or naturally occurring in a particular place, but not only in that location place
What is introduced?
brought to a particular place by human activity
Every individual is unique in the combination of ____________ and _____________
Genetic and Cultural development
What is variation?
An inherent property of individual components in biological systems, which is handled by replicate observation or experiments
What is Replicates?
Multiple cases of the same test, control, or observations, to provide statistical reliability in the results
Soil organisms, bacteria, and protozoa are not___________
assessible
How many species are undiscovered/undescribed?
13 million
How many organisms are extinct?
3.8 billion
What is genetic variation?
The basis of the survival of the fittest, and is essential to the survival of species in habitats that are always changing in the long term
What is biological diversity?
the total number of species in an area, or the total for the world
is a measure of the genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity of the living resources anywhere/everywhere and requires protection of ecosystems
What is Ecosystem Services?
the conditions and processes through which natural ecosystems, and the species which make them up, sustain and fulfill human life
______________________ merit priority habitat protection because of the concentration of unique species in them
Biodiversity hotspot
a region w/ a high level of endemic species
An ecosystem may be functionally impacted by reduced populations of ________
Key species
these species need not become extinct for damages to occur
Classification emphasizes what?
Similarities and hides differences
the higher the rank of a class, the less its members have in common
All living things are made of ________.
All living cells arise from ___________.
All living things have evolved from ______________.
Cells
Pre-existing cells
common ancestors
________ between organisms has had profound evolutionary consequences and is a fundamental aspect of all eukaryotic cells and all ecosystems
Symbiosis
What is the goal of systematics?
Group organisms into monophyletic taxon, which include all descendants of a given ancestor and no other species
Species evolve as ___________ accumulates.
Genetic mutations
they may become single new species (speciation) or diverge into 2 new species (adaptive mutation)
What is Evolution?
process by which the Biodiversity of life has arisen
the change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations
What are the three facts of evolution by natural selection are based on?
More offspring are produced than can possibly survive
- 4/7 babies die before modern technology
- 1/10,000 babies die in modern time due to science
Traits vary amongst individual
Trait differences are heritable
What kind of change does evolution occurs?
heritable traits
What is a Genotype?
Inherited traits controlled by genes and the complete set of genes within an organism’s genome
What is a Phenotype?
complete set of observable traits (appearance) that makes up the structure and behavior of an organism
Variation arises from __________.
genetic diversity
Where does variation come from?
Mutations in genetic material
Sexual reproduction
Migration between populations
How does mutation changes in the genetic sequence of the genomic material? (DNA or RNA)
Caused by:
- Radiation
- Viruses
- Mutagenic chemicals
- Errors during meiosis
Spontaneous mutation
Induced mutation
What is deep homology?
describe cases where growth and differentiation processes are governed by genetic mechanisms that are homologous and deeply conserved across a wide range of species
what is sexual reproduction?
the offspring of sexual organisms contain random mixtures of their parents chromosomes that are produced through independent assortment
- 50% from mom 50% from dad
What is Tolerance limits?
Environmental factors have both minimum and maximum levels
The factors determine an organism’s _____________ or ____________.
habitat or ecological niche
Success is indicated by _______________.
“fitness” (the best adapted to the environment)
Less-fit individuals have lower or no success in reproduction
Fitter individuals are disproportionately represented in future generations
What are the three different types of graph changes for an organism’s adaptability/fitness?
Directional selection (population shifted in one direction ⇒)
Stabilizing selection (Middle section survives and removes the tails ↓⇑↓)
Disruptive selection (Something kills the species in the middle of the graph [predator or virus] and the other tail selection survives ⇑ ❌ ⇑)
What is competitive exclusion principle?
Competition causes resource partitioning and niche specialization
Over time traits diverge loading to:
Specialization
Narrower niche width
Less competition
Ecological niches
What is Adaptation?
the process that makes organisms better suited to its habitat
What is speciation?
process where a species diverges into two or more descendent species
evolutionary process by which new biological species arise
What is Extinction?
disappearance of an entire species
What is Antibiotic resistance?
type of drug resistance where a microorganism is able to survive exposure to an antibiotic
What is adaptive radiation?
organisms diversity rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms
Rapid Evolution
Why should we care about biodiversity?
Provides:
Ecological services
- Soil formation
- Waste disposal
- Air and water purification
- Nutrients cycling
- Solar energy absorption
Food
- Livestock
- 8,800 mammal animals to eat but human eat 38 species of animals
- Humans could eat 580 marine life but only eat 10
- Humans eat 9 species of crops out of 200
Drugs and medicine
- Bionics: is the application of biological methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology
Aesthetic and culture
Guam
- $1.6 billion
- 20,300 jobs (33% of total employment)
When was the Cambrian Explosion? What was formed?
547 million years
Multicellular life
What is the 5 kingdom model?
Eukaryotic
Monera (Bacteria): Unicellular w/o a nucleus (prone to mutations because DNA isn’t protected)
Protista: Unicellular w/ a nucleus; varied life histories (trashbin; not well-known)
Fungi: Nucleus + cell walls of chitin
Plantae: Nucleus + cell walls of cellulate
Animalia: Nucleus but no cell wall
What is the 7 kingdom model?
Prokaryota + Eukaryota
Prokaryote = w/o nucleus
- Archaea: Unicellular w/o a nucleus (feed from chemicals, survive in extreme environments)
- Bacteria
Formerly protista
- Protazoa
- Chromista: Unicellular w/ chlorophyll + molik gametes
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
How is modern taxonomy changing?
Advent of genetic analysis allows comparisons of similarities in genetic elements
What is morphological species concept?
Includes all members who are morphologically(structurally) highly similar
