Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Rational Choice theory

A

The view that crime is a function of a decision-making process in which the would-be offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act.

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2
Q

Just desert

A

Applying fair and reasonable punishment, proportional to the damage or hurt caused by the crime.

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3
Q

Offense specific crime

A

The view that an offender reacts selectively to the characteristics of a particular criminal act.

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4
Q

Offender specific crime

A

The view that offenders evaluate their skills, motives, needs, and fears before deciding to commit crime.

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5
Q

Situational crime prevention

A

A method of
crime prevention that seeks to eliminate or reduce particular crimes in specific settings.

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6
Q

Defensible space

A

The principle
that crime can be prevented or displaced by modifying the physical environment to reduce the opportunity that individuals have to commit crime.

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7
Q

Diffusion

A

An effect that occurs when efforts to prevent one crime
unintentionally prevent another.

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8
Q

Discouragement

A

An effect that occurs when crime control efforts targeting a particular setting to help reduce crime in surrounding areas and populations.

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9
Q

Displacement

A

An effect that occurs when crime control efforts simply move, or redirect,
offenders to less heavily guarded alternative targets.

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10
Q

Extinction

A

An effect that occurs when crime reduction programs
produce a short-term positive effect, but benefits dissipate as criminals adjust to new
conditions.

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11
Q

Replacement

A

An effect that occurs when criminals try new offenses they had previously avoided because situational crime prevention programs neutralized their crime of choice.

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12
Q

General deterrence

A

A crime control policy that depends on the fear of criminal penalties, convincing the potential law violator that the pains associated with crime outweigh its benetits.

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13
Q

Marginal deterrence

A

Occurs when a relatively more severe penalty will produce some reduction in crime.

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14
Q

Restrictive (partial) deterrence

A

Refers to situations in which the threat of punishment can reduce but not eliminate crime.

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15
Q

Specific deterrence

A

The view that criminal
sanctions should be so powerful that offenders will never repeat their criminal acts.

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16
Q

Recidivism

A

Repetition of criminal behavior.

17
Q

Incapacitation effect

A

The idea that keeping offenders in confinement will eliminate the risk of their
committing further offenses.

18
Q

Crackdowns

A

The concentration of police resources on particular problem areas, such as street-level drug dealing, to eradicate or displace criminal activity.

19
Q

Focused deterrence

A

The view that police can deter crime by using every strategy possible and also by directly interacting with offenders and communicating clear
consequences

20
Q

Craved model

A

Appropriation of property is most likely to occur when the target is: concealable, removable, available, valuable, enjoyable, and disposable