Chapter 4

Question 1

A cell

Answer 1

Smallest unit of living matter. Separated from it’s environment by a plasma membrane.

Question 1

Why are cells so small?

Answer 1

1.) Smaller objects have greater surface-to-volume ratio. 2.) so that things can go in and out of the cell easier.

Question 2

3 Domains of Life

Answer 2

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Question 3

What kind of cells make up kingdom Bacteria?

Answer 3

Prokaryotic

Question 4

What kind of cells make up kingdom Archaea?

Answer 4

Prokaryotic

Question 5

What kind of cells make up kingdom eukarya?

Answer 5

Eukaryotic

Question 6

What kind of organelles are in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Answer 6

Ribosomes, chromosomes, and cytoplasm.

Question 6

What are prokaryotic cells?

Answer 6

Cell lacking membrane-enclosed organelles.

Question 7

What are eukaryotic cells?

Answer 7

Cell that contains membrane-enclosed organelles.

Question 8

What are organelles?

Answer 8

Membrane enclosed structure with a special function within a cell.

Question 9

Nucleus

Answer 9

contains the cell’s DNA

Question 10

Chromosomes

Answer 10

Strands of DNA housed in a eukaryotic cells nucleus.

Question 11

Nuclear Envelope

Answer 11

Double membrane that encloses the nucleus. Perforated with pores that control traffic with the cytoplasm.

Question 12

mRNA

Answer 12

Messenger RNA; directs protein synthesis. Transcription of protein-synthesizing instructions written in gene’s DNA.

Question 12

Nucleolus

Answer 12

Structure in nucleus that makes ribosomal RNA.

Question 13

Ribosomes

Answer 13

Uses mRNA to make proteins

Question 14

Free ribosomes

Answer 14

suspended in cytosol

Question 15

Bound ribosomes

Answer 15

attached to the outside of the rough ER or nuclear envelope.

Question 16

Endomembrane System

Answer 16

System of membranes including: nuclear envelope, ER, golgi, lysosomes, vesicles, vacuoles, and plasma membrane.

Question 17

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Answer 17

Membrane network in a cell that is continuous with cellular membrane. Rough and Smooth ER.

Question 18

Functions of rough ER

Answer 18

Ribosomes on the rough ER make proteins.

Question 18

Functions of smooth ER

Answer 18

Makes lipids for cell membrane, and other lipids, like hormones. Also, breaks down toxins.

Question 19

Golgi apparatus

Answer 19

Membranous sacs that modify, store and ship products of the ER.

Question 20

Lysosomes

Answer 20

Membranous organelle filled with hydrolytic enzymes which break down food or damages organelles.

Question 21

Vacuoles

Answer 21

Membrane enclosed sac for digestion or storage depending on type of cell.

Question 22

Peroxisomes

Answer 22

Organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.

Question 23

How do mitochondria function?

Answer 23

Uses CO2 to convert the chemical energy of food into ATP, then releases C2.

Question 23

Mitochondira

Answer 23

organelles that convert chemical energy into ATP.

Question 24

Mitochondrial Matrix

Answer 24

One of 2 internal compartments. Contains mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes.

Question 25

Chloroplasts

Answer 25

Photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae.

Question 26

Stroma

Answer 26

Jellylike fluid inside chloroplasts inner membrane containing chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes.

Question 27

Thylakoids

Answer 27

Interconnected sacs suspended in stroma. Green chlorophyll molecules are embedded in the thylakoid membranes which trap solar energy.

Question 28

Endosymbiotic Theory

Answer 28

theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as prokaryotic cells that were absorbed by a eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism.

Question 29

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 29

metabolic pathway that uses glucose to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP)