Chapter 4 Flashcards
A cell
Smallest unit of living matter. Separated from it’s environment by a plasma membrane.
Why are cells so small?
1.) Smaller objects have greater surface-to-volume ratio. 2.) so that things can go in and out of the cell easier.
3 Domains of Life
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
What kind of cells make up kingdom Bacteria?
Prokaryotic
What kind of cells make up kingdom Archaea?
Prokaryotic
What kind of cells make up kingdom eukarya?
Eukaryotic
What kind of organelles are in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Ribosomes, chromosomes, and cytoplasm.
What are prokaryotic cells?
Cell lacking membrane-enclosed organelles.
What are eukaryotic cells?
Cell that contains membrane-enclosed organelles.
What are organelles?
Membrane enclosed structure with a special function within a cell.
Nucleus
contains the cell’s DNA
Chromosomes
Strands of DNA housed in a eukaryotic cells nucleus.
Nuclear Envelope
Double membrane that encloses the nucleus. Perforated with pores that control traffic with the cytoplasm.
mRNA
Messenger RNA; directs protein synthesis. Transcription of protein-synthesizing instructions written in gene’s DNA.
Nucleolus
Structure in nucleus that makes ribosomal RNA.
Ribosomes
Uses mRNA to make proteins
Free ribosomes
suspended in cytosol
Bound ribosomes
attached to the outside of the rough ER or nuclear envelope.
Endomembrane System
System of membranes including: nuclear envelope, ER, golgi, lysosomes, vesicles, vacuoles, and plasma membrane.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Membrane network in a cell that is continuous with cellular membrane. Rough and Smooth ER.
Functions of rough ER
Ribosomes on the rough ER make proteins.
Functions of smooth ER
Makes lipids for cell membrane, and other lipids, like hormones. Also, breaks down toxins.
Golgi apparatus
Membranous sacs that modify, store and ship products of the ER.
Lysosomes
Membranous organelle filled with hydrolytic enzymes which break down food or damages organelles.
Vacuoles
Membrane enclosed sac for digestion or storage depending on type of cell.
Peroxisomes
Organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.
How do mitochondria function?
Uses CO2 to convert the chemical energy of food into ATP, then releases C2.
Mitochondira
organelles that convert chemical energy into ATP.
Mitochondrial Matrix
One of 2 internal compartments. Contains mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes.
Chloroplasts
Photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae.
Stroma
Jellylike fluid inside chloroplasts inner membrane containing chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes.
Thylakoids
Interconnected sacs suspended in stroma. Green chlorophyll molecules are embedded in the thylakoid membranes which trap solar energy.
Endosymbiotic Theory
theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as prokaryotic cells that were absorbed by a eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism.
What is cellular respiration?
metabolic pathway that uses glucose to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
