Chapter 4

Question 1

consciousness

Answer 1

an individual’s moment-to-moment subjective experience of the world; unaware operations of the brain.

Question 2

Limits of consciousness

Answer 2

number of things that can be attended at once and mind wandering.

Question 3

change blindness

Answer 3

a failure to notice large changes in one’s environment. Demonstrates selective attention.

Question 4

Shadowing

Answer 4

different input to each ear; the participant must “shadow” (repeat aloud)

Question 5

when is the content from the unattended ear noticed?

Answer 5

personally relevant information; content that is loud or different that the content attended to the ear.

Question 6

donald broadbent invented what

Answer 6

filter theory: explains the selective nature of attention.

Question 7

Endogenous attention

Answer 7

attention that is directed voluntarily- listening for our number to be called.

Question 8

exogenous attention

Answer 8

attention that is directed involuntarily by a stimulus- smell, pain, alarm

Question 9

freudian slip

Answer 9

occurs when an unconscious thought is suddenly expressed at an inappropriate time or in an inappropriate social context.

Question 10

selective listening studies

Answer 10

content from the unattended ear can affect interpretation of content from attended ear. Also, reading the summary before class can help your brain be cued up to the topic.

Question 11

Priming

Answer 11

a facilitation in the response to a stimulus due to recent experience with that stimulus or a related stimulus.
“Warm-up questions”

Question 12

Subliminal perception

Answer 12

priming but when people are unaware of the stimulus that influences behavior. The processing of information by sensory system without conscious awareness.

Question 13

automatic processing

Answer 13

occurs when a task is so well learned that we can do it without much attention. Ex: walking, reading

Question 14

controlled processing

Answer 14

slower than automatic processing but helps with complex tasks. ex: driving in a rainstorm.

Question 15

Stroop Task

Answer 15

demonstrates automaticity- identify ink color of presented words as quickly as possible. Reveals that the atomicity of reading the word itself interferes with task of identifying the ink color of the word.

Question 16

altering consciousness

Answer 16

subjective sense of consciousness can vary throughout the day. Ways the consciousness can be naturally altered: meditation, immerse in an action, hypnosis.

Question 17

escapist actions

Answer 17

distracts people from their problems and helps them avoid feeling bad about themselves. Ex: sports, screen activities, self-destructive activities (binge eating, unsafe sex)

Question 18

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 18

small region in the hypothalamus, sends signals to pineal gland. The pineal gland secretes melatonin.

Question 19

stage 1-sleep

Answer 19

theta waves

Question 20

stage 2-sleep

Answer 20

spindles; consolidating memories; large k-waves

Question 21

stage 3/4- sleep

Answer 21

large regular brain patterns (delta waves) slow wave sleep; very hard to wake and disoriented when awoken from this stage.

Question 22

REM- sleep

Answer 22

rapid eye movement; paralysis of motor systems and dreaming; reverses after 90 minutes.
Produce weirder dreams than non-rem sleep stages

Question 23

activation-synthesis theory

Answer 23

a theory of dreaming; brain tries to make sense of random brain activity; synthesizes activity with stored memories.

Question 24

what three functions is sleep adaptive for?

Answer 24

restoration, following circadian rhythms, facilitation of learning

Question 25

restorative theory

Answer 25

sleep allows the body to rest and repair itself.

Question 26

sleep and learning

Answer 26

sleep strengthens neural connections, memory, and people spend more time in REM when they study more.

Question 27

Insomnia

Answer 27

a disorder characterized by an inability to sleep that causes significant problems in daily life.

Question 28

obstructive sleep apnea

Answer 28

stops breathing while sleeping because of throat closing; frequent awakening during the night.

Question 29

narcolepsy

Answer 29

sleep disorder in which people experience excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours, sometimes going limp and collapsing.

Question 30

REM behavior disorder

Answer 30

suffers act out their dreams while sleeping, often striking their sleeping partners- most often seen in elderly males.

Question 31

somnambulism

Answer 31

sleepwalking

Question 32

TBI

Answer 32

impairments in mental functioning caused by a blow/ injury

Question 33

coma

Answer 33

impaired consciousness; minimally conscious state

Question 34

psychoactive drugs

Answer 34

drugs that cause changes in mood, awareness, thoughts, feelings or behavior.

Question 35

stimulants

Answer 35

drugs that increase behavioral and mental activity and activate the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 36

depressants

Answer 36

drugs that reduce behavioral and mental activity by depressing the central nervous system.

Question 37

hallucinogens

Answer 37

sometimes referred to as psychedelics, produce alterations in cognition, mood, and perception.

Question 38

Cocaine

Answer 38

a stimulant drug that increases alertness, confidence, and sociability. increase dopamine levels at synapse.

Question 39

opioids

Answer 39

include oxycodone, morphine, and illegal drugs like heroin. relieves pain.

Question 40

Alcohol Abuse

Answer 40

produces its effects by activating GABA receptors. inhibits neural activity, may be relaxing.