chapter 4 Flashcards
a theory is____ in and apttemt to ____
interprests diverse observations to explain s omething
experiment is a study in whcih researcher____ to___ in the ____
manipulates the Iv to make a change on the Dv
a on b
what are the differences between corrialational study and expieremtnal
corrilational does not manipulate the iv but rather observes the pot relationship between each other
stains neurons to differentiate them placing them in relief of neural chaos
golgi stain
how do mylen stains work
what do they identify?
take up fattty mylon aroudn axon to id neural pathways
what do nissel stains identify
cell body of neurons
what do these stains reveal on the brain?
they just reveal anatomy but not function
this stain reveals nuron anatomy and activity and can tell what behavior an animal was engages in
what stain is this?
autoadiography
autoradiograpy is
makes neurons stand out visibly just as staining does, but it also reveals which neurons are active, and this information can be correlated with the behavior the animal was engaged in
how does autoradiography work?
animal is injected with radioactive substance and asked to do a task whcih will make an image
immunocytochemisty uses ____ to identify____ sucha as_____
antibodies attached to dye to id celular comp like receptors or neurotransmiters
how do we locate a specific gene and telll if it is active
by making dna and docing it on strands on mrna
situ hyberdization
how does an electron microscope work
passing beam of electons through thin slice of tissue, dfferent parts od tissue block or pass electon so make picutre
eeg
recorded from two electrodes on the scalp over the area of interest; an electronic amplifier detects the combined electrical activity of all the neurons between the two electrodes
there are 2 resolutions of eeg
temporal rsolution
SPACtial resolution
explain them
temporal= rapid tracking of events
spatial= where the signal is coming frm
why are eegs useful?
detects arousal, afverage event related potential
sterotatic instrument
hint: probe
location of anevctrode probe in the brain
mciroeelctrodes
record from a single neuron and can even be inserted into the neuron
what are some pros of optogenetic tecniques
they can be inserted in specific neurons/more cltr
surface neurons can be stimulated
can study movement regulation to memory
removalof brain tissue
ablation
damage to neural tissues are formal known as
lesions
hwo does tms work
uses a magnetic coil to
induce a voltage in brain tissue. The device is held close to the scalp over the target area, as in Figure 4.14. TMS is pulsed at varying rates; frequencies of 1/s or lower decrease brain excitability, and frequencies of 5/s or higher increase excitability.
ct san
produces a series of X-rays taken from different angles; a computer combines the series of two- dimensional horizontal cross sections, or “slices,” so that the researcher can scan through them as if they are a 3-D image of the entire organ
tensor imagine mris measure
movement of water along axons
PET scans work by
inject radioactive substance in brain to record activuity, can measure clucose, O2 intake, or bloodflow
cons of fmri data
most of it is from monkeys
has low sensitifity
they scan whole brain instead of a speicif part of the brain
this form of brain scan measures inc in oxygen levels
fmri
family study
how strongly a characteristic is shared among relatives,
if i want to measure drawrfism among a linage of people, i shoiuld probably use what type of stufy?
family study
corrilation is
degree of relationship between two variables, measured on a scale between 0.0 and ±1.0
in this type of experiment we do NOt manipulate the varible but measure simulatity between partents
adoptions tudy
why are adoption studys better than family studies
DONT control is the prenatal environment
twin studies
assess how similar twins are in some characteristic; their similarity is then compared with that of nontwin siblings, or the similarity between identical twins is compared with the similarity between fraternal twins
concordinance rate
frequency with which relatives are alike in a characteristic
genric engineering
manipulation of the organism’s genes or their functioning.
finding out what a gene does and disabling it is called the
the knockout technique,
The antisense RNA procedure blocks
the participation of messenger RNA in protein construction. This is accomplished by inserting strands of complementary RNA into the animal,
what happens in gene transfer
anoter orgnaism is insterted into the reciprients vcells
the treatment of disorders by manipulating genes is
gene therapy
a pro of gene therapy is
multiple generations get this effect
plagerism is___ and involes the intent to
theft of another’s work or ideas.
decieve
faking rsults si called____
it is mroe serious than plagerism bc
fabrication
spreading msiinformatoion and can cause serious harm to ppl
what is informed concent
individual voluntarily agrees to participate after receiving information about any risks, discomfort, or other adverse effects that might occur.
what id deceipton
failing to tell the participants the exact purpose of the research or what will happen during the study, or actively misinforming them.
whynis animal reserch not going away
the benifits outweigh the cons
Which brain imaging technique had been criticized as having low test-retest reliability?
fMRI
you can CHEMICALLY STIMULATE the brain using a device called the
cannula
what is the difference between between transmission and scanning microscope?
transmission: works by passing a beam of electrons through a thin slice of tissue; different parts of the tissue block or pass electrons to different degrees
scanning:
induces the specimen to emit electrons itself, and these are captured just as the conventional microscope collects reflected light
