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chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

a theory is____ in and apttemt to ____

A

interprests diverse observations to explain s omething

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2
Q

experiment is a study in whcih researcher____ to___ in the ____

A

manipulates the Iv to make a change on the Dv

a on b

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3
Q

what are the differences between corrialational study and expieremtnal

A

corrilational does not manipulate the iv but rather observes the pot relationship between each other

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4
Q

stains neurons to differentiate them placing them in relief of neural chaos

A

golgi stain

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5
Q

how do mylen stains work

what do they identify?

A

take up fattty mylon aroudn axon to id neural pathways

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6
Q

what do nissel stains identify

A

cell body of neurons

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7
Q

what do these stains reveal on the brain?

A

they just reveal anatomy but not function

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8
Q

this stain reveals nuron anatomy and activity and can tell what behavior an animal was engages in

what stain is this?

A

autoadiography

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9
Q

autoradiograpy is

A

makes neurons stand out visibly just as staining does, but it also reveals which neurons are active, and this information can be correlated with the behavior the animal was engaged in

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10
Q

how does autoradiography work?

A

animal is injected with radioactive substance and asked to do a task whcih will make an image

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11
Q

immunocytochemisty uses ____ to identify____ sucha as_____

A

antibodies attached to dye to id celular comp like receptors or neurotransmiters

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12
Q

how do we locate a specific gene and telll if it is active

by making dna and docing it on strands on mrna

A

situ hyberdization

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13
Q

how does an electron microscope work

A

passing beam of electons through thin slice of tissue, dfferent parts od tissue block or pass electon so make picutre

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14
Q

eeg

A

recorded from two electrodes on the scalp over the area of interest; an electronic amplifier detects the combined electrical activity of all the neurons between the two electrodes

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15
Q

there are 2 resolutions of eeg
temporal rsolution
SPACtial resolution

explain them

A

temporal= rapid tracking of events

spatial= where the signal is coming frm

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16
Q

why are eegs useful?

A

detects arousal, afverage event related potential

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17
Q

sterotatic instrument

hint: probe

A

location of anevctrode probe in the brain

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18
Q

mciroeelctrodes

A

record from a single neuron and can even be inserted into the neuron

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19
Q

what are some pros of optogenetic tecniques

A

they can be inserted in specific neurons/more cltr

surface neurons can be stimulated

can study movement regulation to memory

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20
Q

removalof brain tissue

A

ablation

21
Q

damage to neural tissues are formal known as

A

lesions

22
Q

hwo does tms work

A

uses a magnetic coil to
induce a voltage in brain tissue. The device is held close to the scalp over the target area, as in Figure 4.14. TMS is pulsed at varying rates; frequencies of 1/s or lower decrease brain excitability, and frequencies of 5/s or higher increase excitability.

23
Q

ct san

A

produces a series of X-rays taken from different angles; a computer combines the series of two- dimensional horizontal cross sections, or “slices,” so that the researcher can scan through them as if they are a 3-D image of the entire organ

24
Q

tensor imagine mris measure

A

movement of water along axons

25
Q

PET scans work by

A

inject radioactive substance in brain to record activuity, can measure clucose, O2 intake, or bloodflow

26
Q

cons of fmri data

A

most of it is from monkeys
has low sensitifity
they scan whole brain instead of a speicif part of the brain

26
Q

this form of brain scan measures inc in oxygen levels

A

fmri

27
Q

family study

A

how strongly a characteristic is shared among relatives,

28
Q

if i want to measure drawrfism among a linage of people, i shoiuld probably use what type of stufy?

A

family study

29
Q

corrilation is

A

degree of relationship between two variables, measured on a scale between 0.0 and ±1.0

30
Q

in this type of experiment we do NOt manipulate the varible but measure simulatity between partents

A

adoptions tudy

31
Q

why are adoption studys better than family studies

A

DONT control is the prenatal environment

32
Q

twin studies

A

assess how similar twins are in some characteristic; their similarity is then compared with that of nontwin siblings, or the similarity between identical twins is compared with the similarity between fraternal twins

33
Q

concordinance rate

A

frequency with which relatives are alike in a characteristic

34
Q

genric engineering

A

manipulation of the organism’s genes or their functioning.

35
Q

finding out what a gene does and disabling it is called the

A

the knockout technique,

36
Q

The antisense RNA procedure blocks

A

the participation of messenger RNA in protein construction. This is accomplished by inserting strands of complementary RNA into the animal,

37
Q

what happens in gene transfer

A

anoter orgnaism is insterted into the reciprients vcells

38
Q

the treatment of disorders by manipulating genes is

A

gene therapy

39
Q

a pro of gene therapy is

A

multiple generations get this effect

40
Q

plagerism is___ and involes the intent to

A

theft of another’s work or ideas.

decieve

41
Q

faking rsults si called____
it is mroe serious than plagerism bc

A

fabrication

spreading msiinformatoion and can cause serious harm to ppl

42
Q

what is informed concent

A

individual voluntarily agrees to participate after receiving information about any risks, discomfort, or other adverse effects that might occur.

43
Q

what id deceipton

A

failing to tell the participants the exact purpose of the research or what will happen during the study, or actively misinforming them.

44
Q

whynis animal reserch not going away

A

the benifits outweigh the cons

45
Q

Which brain imaging technique had been criticized as having low test-retest reliability?

A

fMRI

46
Q

you can CHEMICALLY STIMULATE the brain using a device called the

A

cannula

47
Q

what is the difference between between transmission and scanning microscope?

A

transmission: works by passing a beam of electrons through a thin slice of tissue; different parts of the tissue block or pass electrons to different degrees

scanning:
induces the specimen to emit electrons itself, and these are captured just as the conventional microscope collects reflected light

bio psych (2 decks)

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