Chapter 4 Flashcards
In what year was the First Referendum?
1980
What was the First Referendum on? And what did it do?
•Sovereignty association
-sought to make Quebec independent
-maintain economic ties to Canada
Who led the “no” side? Who led the “yes” side? What side won?(%)
no side: (PM) Pirerre Trudeau
yes side: (P) Rene Levesque
no won 60%-40%
What year was the Constitution Act?
1982
Trudeau renegotiated the Canadian Constitution. What province did not agree with this?
Quebec(they had to abide anyway)
What year was the Meech Lake Accord?
1987-1990(Robert Bourassa was premier at this time)
Who tried to include Quebec into the Constitution with the Meech Lake Accord?
Prime Minister Brian Mulroney
Quebec demanded to be a _______ with greater privileges.
distinct society
what two provinces did not approve of what Quebec demanded? causing what?
•Newfoundland and Manitoba
•The accord failed again(QC mad)
When was the Belanger-Compeau Commission?
1991
What is the Belanger-Compeau Commission and what did it recommend?
•Investigated Quebecs place in the Constitution
• recommended referendum on sovereignty(having power/being independent)
What year was the Allaire report?
1991
What conclusion was made in the Allaire Report and “A Quebec Free To Choose” ?
•A second referendum should be held •Quebecs jurisdiction should be increased
What year was the Charlottetown Accord?
1992
Why was there the Charlottetown Accord?
Prime minister Mulroney again held new constitutional negotiations
What was quebec given?
distinct society clause
When was the Second Referendum?
1995
Who was the Second Referendum ran by?
Jacques Parizeau(premier)
Who won the second referendum, yes side or no side?(%)
no side won 50.6% - 49.4%
Who was Prime Minister during the Second Referendum?
Jean Chrétien
What did Chrétien(PM) asked the supreme court, post referendum?
• if Quebec separation would be legal
What did the Supreme Court respond to Chrétien?
The separation of Quebec would be legal if the referendum question is clear and a clear majority of the vote is obtained in favour
What year was the Clarity Act?
2000
What did the Clarity Act say?
•Canada must approve a referendum question
• A number greater than 50%+1 must be obtained for independence
what did the Constitution of 1982 recognize?
•Ancestral and treaty rights of the indigenous
What year was the Oka Crisis?
1990
Why did the Mohawks set up roadblocks/protests?
•cause town of Oka wanted to expand golf course
•Mohawks had sacred land there
The Sûrreté du Québec (SQ) intervened, who was killed?
One officer(Marcel Lemay)
Other Mohawks blocked access to where? Who was called into action?
•Mercier Bridge
•Military
What was the end agreement?
•not to expand the golf course
agreements and commission
In what year did Levesque’s government recognize more Indigenous rights?
•1985
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples:
In 1991 it was said that Indigenous should have power of ? (2)
•Self-determination
•Participate in formulation of policies
What territory was created in 1999?
Nunavut
Why was Nunavut created? What was it previously apart of?
•Allow autonomous Indigenous governance
•Previously part of North West Territories
What agreement was in 2002?
Paix des Braves
Paix des Braves was an agreement allowing what?
•Quebec government to utilize Indigenous lands for its resources
In the 1980s Qc was in what which had high unemployment rates? what were the rates?
•Deep recession
•12% to 15%
During the deep recession cuts were made to _____ to reduce _____.
•Social programs
•Government expenses
Government increased its what?
Neo-liberalism
What is neo-liberalism?
•A reduced amount of government intervention in business
What is privatization?
•Something owned or controlled by the government that is sold or given to private individuals or companies
There were greater privatized government services such as?
hospitals
What did civil society groups express?what did they expect?
•expected governments to work to reduce economic inequalities in the population; spend more money
what was created in 1992-1994?
NAFTA(North American Free Trade Agreement)
Who was apart of NAFTA?
Mexico,America,Canada
What does NAFTA do for these countries?
•No tariffs on goods made and traded within those three countries
NAFTA increased Canadas and Qc what?
Globalization
what is globalization?(2)
•trade between many countries around the world
•quebec exported many goods and resources (airplanes,iron,ore,oil)
What is Quebec Inc.?
•a group of large francophone companies (Bombardier,Provigo-Loblaws,SNC-Lavalin)
What is social economy?(example)
•an economic practice that helps a community (hiring workers with intellectual disabilities)
Cities grew, Pop decreased. Where was this seen most?
•Single industry towns(Murdochville)
Small communities lose local services, why? (banks,schools,post-office)
•Globalization
Because people were leaving their small communities these regions would lose their political weight, how many were eliminated in 2012?
3
Why was Quebecs fertility rate declining?(2)
•fertility rate per woman: 1.5-1.6
•Women having children later in life(the less they have children)
Fertility rate declining means an aging population, what are the results?(2)
•difficult to replace workers
•medical care is expensive
To help the aging population and create a better work-family balance the gov. did what?(4)
•cheap child care
•child support
•maternity and paternity leave/Q.P.I.P
•cheap schooling (Uni tuitions)
What happened because the labour needs relied on immigrants?
•Pop became more diverse
•laws favouring french speaking immigrants
•laws protecting against racism
Religious neutrality (3)
•State(Gov) doesn’t take position on religion
• Certain religions asked for what was seen as excessive accommodations
• Public hearing (Bouchard-Taylor) held to investigate
Women entered labour market and in key positions… what were they looking for?
They sought equal pay with men
In what year was the Pay Equity Act? and what is it?
•1996
•giving people equal pay for work of equal value
What is Gender Parity?what year?
•equal number of men and women in a business
•2006: Law guaranteeing parity on the board of directions of crown corporations
In what year was Bill 101 passed? What did Bill 101 do?
•1977
• allowed ONLY french on signage
what happened in 1988?
•Supreme Court rules that Bill 101 violates rights.
•The government used the Notwithstanding Clause, passed Bill 178
What is Bill 178?
•Making french the only language on outdoor signs
What happened in 1993?
Bill 86 was passed allowing English on signs if French is predominant
