Chapter 4

Question 1

Census

Answer 1

ask EVERY member of a population

Question 2

Sample

Answer 2

the part of the population

Question 3

Sampling

Answer 3

selection of a subset of individuals from within a population to estimate characteristics of the whole population

Question 4

Simple Random Sample (SRS)

Answer 4

each individual has an equal chance of being selected, each possible sample has an equal chance of being selected

Question 5

Stratified Sampling

Answer 5

each strata contain similar individuals, there are large differences between the strata. Choose a SRS in each strata to form the full sample

Question 6

Cluster Sampling

Answer 6

Divide the whole population into small groups that mirror the population (clusters). Choose a SRS of the clusters. All individuals in selected clusters are sampled.

Question 7

convenience sampling

Answer 7

target the easiest individuals to reach (not random)

Question 8

Voluntary Response Sampling

Answer 8

people choose to respond to the question themselves

Question 9

Random sampling error (sampling error)

Answer 9

you collected a SRS but by accident your sample ends up not being very random

Question 10

Undercoverage (sampling error)

Answer 10

a segment of the population is left out of the sample

Question 11

Non-Response (non-sampling error)

Answer 11

A person is chosen to be in the sample but is unavailable, won’t respond

Question 12

Response Bias (non-sampling error)

Answer 12

A person in the sample gives an incorrect or untrue response

Question 13

Wording (non-sampling error)

Answer 13

wording of questions are confusing or leading/loaded

Question 14

observational study

Answer 14

observes individuals but does not try to influence the response, cannot establish cause and effecte

Question 15

Experiment

Answer 15

imposes a treatment, the determine whether the treatment causes a change in response

Question 16

experimental design

Answer 16

good experimental design can prevent lurking variables influencing the response variable and have a confounding effect on your results

Question 17

completely randomized design

Answer 17

randomly assign subjects to groups, randomly assign treatments

Question 18

randomized block design

Answer 18

experimental units are separated into blocks. different treatments are randomly assigned to each block. Compare the results within the blocks and between the blocks

Question 19

match pair design

Answer 19

a type of randomized block design. Use blocks of 2, a pair of subjects or two treatments applied to the same person

Question 20

placebo

Answer 20

a fake treatment, but subjects may think it the placebo has an effect.

Question 21

double blind

Answer 21

neither the subjects or people who interact with them know which treatment the subject recieved