Chapter 4: Flashcards

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1
Q

Two postulates that are the possible of gene transmission

A
  1. Genes are present on homologous chromosomes
  2. Chromosomes segregate and assort independently
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2
Q

Gene interaction

A

Single phenotype is affected by more than one set of genes

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3
Q

X-Linkage

A

genes that are present in the X chromosome

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4
Q

Alleles

A

alternative forms of a gene

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5
Q

Mutation

A

Ultimate source of alleles
Note: new phenotype result from changes in functional activity if gene product
-Elimination enzyme function
-Changing relative enzyme efficiency
-Changing overall enzyme function

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6
Q

Wild-type alleles

A

Occurs most frequently in nature and is usually (not always) dominant

Due to natural selection

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7
Q

Loss of function Mutations

A

-New phenotype results from change in activity
-Mutation causes loss of wild-type function

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8
Q

Gan-of function mutations

A

-Mutation enhances function of will type
-Quantity of gene product increases

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9
Q

Neutral mutations

A

-No change to the phenotype
-No change to the evolutionary fitness of the organism

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10
Q

DO MORE RESEARCH ON THIS: Adding or moving the amino acid is dangerous

A
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11
Q

Dominant alleles are indicated by

A

-an italoc uppercase letter of uppercase case

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12
Q

Recessive alleles are indicated by

A

an italic lowercase letter, or an italic letter or group of letters

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13
Q

Mutant alleles are indicated by

A

an italic letter

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14
Q

Wild type alleles are indicated by

A

italic letter plus superscript + (e^+)

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15
Q

Incomplete or partial dominance

A

Intermediate phenotype
Niether alle is dominant

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16
Q

Example of dominance in snapdragon

A

Red snapdragon is crossed with whote snapdragon

F1 offspring: pink flowers
F2 generation: 1/4 red, 1/2 pink, 1/4 white
-Phenotypic and genotypic ratios are the same
Each genotype has its own phenotype

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17
Q

Incomplete dominance in humans example

A

Tay-Sachs disease

18
Q

Threshold Effect

A

Normal phenotypic expression results
Certain level (usually 50% or less) of gene product is attained
In Tay-Sach’s disease, less than a 50 percent threshold

19
Q

Codominance

A

-No dominance or recessiveness
-No incomplete or blending
-Joint expression of both alleles in a heterozygote

20
Q

Multiple alleles

A

-Three or more alleles of the same gene
-resulting mode of inheritance unique
-Can only be studied in populations

21
Q

Example of Multiple alleles

A

Human ABO blood groups
-example of muliple alleles
-A and B antigens present on surface of red blood cells
-Three alleles of a single gene responsible for ABO phenotypes

22
Q

A and B antigens

A

CArbohydrate groups bound to lipid groups on red blood cells

23
Q

H substance

A

-One or two terminal sugars are added
-O blood types (ii) only have the H substance protruding from the red blood cells

24
Q

Essential genes

A

Absolutely required for survival
-Mustations can be tolerated if heterozygous

25
Q

Why can mutations (if heterozygous) of essential genes be tolerated?

A

One type of allele is sufficient for survivial
Homozygous recessive will not survive

26
Q

Recessive lethal allele

A

Mutaion of essential genes behaves as a recessive lethal alleleq

27
Q

Lethal Allele

A

Has the potential to cause death of organism
-alleles are a result of mitations in essential genes
-inherited in a recessive manner
-

28
Q

Dominant lethal allele + provide an example

A

-Presence of one copy of allele results in death
Ex. Huntigton’s disease

29
Q

Huntigton’s disease

A

Dominant autosomal allele H
Onset of disease in heterozygous delayed until adulthood
Characterized by progressive degeneration o f nervous system, dementia, and early death

30
Q

Agouti gene in mice (coat color)

A

Agouti allele A
Mutant yellow allele A^y

31
Q

Mutant Allele (A^y)

A

Behvaes dominantly to normal allele to control coat color
Behaves as homozygous recessive lethal allele

32
Q

Pleiotropy

A

Expression of single gene has multiple phenotypic effects

Example Marfan syndrome
Porphyria Variegata

33
Q

Sex-limited inheritance

A

Expression of specific phenotype is limited to one sex

34
Q

Sex-influenced inheritance

A

Sex of individual influences expression of the phenotype

Not limited to one sex or the other

35
Q

Penetrance

A

Percentage of expression of the mutant genotype in a population

36
Q

Expressivity

A

-Range of expression of mutant phenotype
-REsult of genetic background differences or environmental effects

37
Q

Genetic background: Position effect

A

-The physical location of gene influences expression
-Translocation or inversion events modify the expression
-Gene relocated to condensed or genetically inert chromosome (called heterochromatin)

38
Q

Conditional Mutations

A

Ideal temperatures for animals

Example: Darker fur on cooler areas of body (tail, feet, ears)
enzymes loose catalytic function at higher temps

39
Q

Nutritional mutations in genetics

A

prevent ssynthesis of nutrient molecules in microbes
Phenotype may be expressed depending on diet

Example Phenylketonuria: loss of an enzyme to metabolize amino acid called phenylalanine, severe issues unless low Phe diet

40
Q
A