Chapter 4

Question 1

Sample survey steps

Answer 1

1) What population we want to describe

2) What population we want to measure

Question 2

Bias

Answer 2

design that systematically favors certain outcomes

Question 3

Voluntary response samples

Answer 3

People call in for their opinion

Question 4

Random sampling

Answer 4

the use of chance to select a sample

Question 5

Simple random sampling

Answer 5

Set of n individuals chosen in such a way that every n has an equal chance

Question 6

Stratified random sample

Answer 6

Group by similarity, SRS strata, combine SRSs

Question 7

Cluster

Answer 7

Chose SRS of the cluster. All clusters are included in sample.

Question 8

Inference

Answer 8

we predict or assumer things about a populatio

Question 9

Undercoverage

Answer 9

when some group are left out of the process of choosing the sample

Question 10

Wording bias

Answer 10

When a question is skewed for a certain answer

Question 11

Observational study

Answer 11

Observes individuals, and infers

Question 12

Experiments

Answer 12

seek to establish cause and effect

Question 13

Lurking variable

Answer 13

Unaccounted for variable that effects response

Question 14

Confounding

Answer 14

When two variables become indistinguishable

Question 15

In experiments, explanatory variables are called

Answer 15

factors

Question 16

Random assignment

Answer 16

Experimental units are assigned to treatments at random

Question 17

Completely randomized design

Answer 17

Treatments are assigned to all the experimental units by chance

Question 18

3 principles of experimental design

Answer 18

1) Control 2) Random Assignment 3) Replication

Question 19

replication is

Answer 19

using enough experimental units

Question 20

Double blind

Answer 20

Neither subjects nor the doctors know which treatment is being used

Question 21

statistically significant

Answer 21

effect is too large to happen by chance

Question 22

Block

Answer 22

a group of experimental units known before the experiment to be similar

Question 23

Randomized block design

Answer 23

Random assignment is used within each block

Question 24

Matched pairs

Answer 24

comparing two similar experimental units with two treatments

Question 25

lack of realism

Answer 25

experiments that are difficult to test

Question 26

confidentiality

Answer 26

information is kept secret and private