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AP Stats > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Population

A

The entire group of people you want information about in a statistical study

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2
Q

Census

A

Sampling every individual in the population

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3
Q

Sample

A

Ways to chose a sample from a population

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4
Q

Convenience sample

A

Choosing individuals from the population who are easy to reach results in

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5
Q

Bias

A

Consistently overestimate or consistently underestimate the value you want to know

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6
Q

Voluntary response sample

A

Consist of people who choose themselves by responding to a general invitation

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7
Q

Random sampling

A

Using a chance process to determine which members of a population are included in the sample

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8
Q

Simple random sample (SRS)

A

Size n is chosen in such a way that every group of n individuals in the population has an equal chance to be selected as the sample

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9
Q

Sampling badly

A

Using sampling bias

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10
Q

Stratified random sample

A

Starts by classifying the population of similar individuals, called strata. Choose a separate SRS in each stratum and combine them to form the sample

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11
Q

Strata

A

Classifying the population into groups of similar individuals

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12
Q

Cluster sample

A

Start by classifying the population into groups of individuals that are located near each other, called clusters. Choose an SRS of the clusters. All individuals in cluster are in sample

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13
Q

Cluster

A

Classifying the population into groups of individuals that are located near each other

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14
Q

Inference

A

The proves of drawing conclusions about a population on the bias of sample data

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15
Q

Undercoverage

A

Occurs when some members of the population cannot be chosen in the sample

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16
Q

Nonresponse

A

Occurs when an individual chosen for the sample can’t be contacted or refuses to participate

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17
Q

Observational study

A

Observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses

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18
Q

Experiment

A

Deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals to measure their respinses

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19
Q

Confounding

A

Occurs when two variables are associated in such a way that their effects on a response variable cannot be distinguished from each other

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20
Q

Treatment

A

A specific condition applied to individuals in an experiment

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21
Q

Experimental units

A

The smallest collection of individuals to which treatments are applied

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22
Q

Subjects

A

Human beings that are experimental units

23
Q

Factors

A

Explanatory variables in an experiment

24
Q

Random assignment

A

Experimental units are assumed to treatments using a chance process

25
Q

Completely randomized design

A

The experimental units are assigned to the treatments completely by chance

26
Q

Control groups

A

Provides a baseline for comparing the effects of other treatments

27
Q

Control

A

Keep other variables that might effect the response the same for all groups

28
Q

Replication

A

Using enough experimental units to distinguish a difference in the effects of treatments from chance variation due to random assignment

29
Q

Blind

A

Experiment in which the subjects are unaware of which treatment they are receiving

30
Q

Double blind

A

Experiment in which neither the subjects or the people who interact with them and measure their response variable know which treatment a subject has

31
Q

Statistically significant

A

An observed effect so large that it would rarely occur by chanve

32
Q

Block

A

A group of experimental units that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatments

33
Q

Randomized block design

A

The random assignment of experimental units to treatments is carried out separately within each block

34
Q

Matched pairs

A

A type of randomized block design for comparing two treatments in which the idea is to create blocks by matching pairs of similar experimental units

35
Q

Causation

A

When changes in the explanatory variable cause changes in the response variable

36
Q

3 pillars of an experiment

A
  1. Random
  2. Replication
  3. Control
37
Q

What does replication do?

A

Reduces variability

38
Q

What does control do?

A

Controls/eliminates lurking or confounding variables

39
Q

Completely randomized experiment

A

SRS of experiments

40
Q

Block design

A

Stratified experiment

41
Q

Random sampling

A

HOW you choose people to be a part of a study

42
Q

Random assignment

A

Occurs AFTER people are selected

43
Q

Placebo effect

A

When a fake treatment works

44
Q

What are the benefits of an experiment?

A

If all 3 pillars are met, then causation can be made

45
Q

What do experiments do?

A

IMPOSE A TREATMENT

46
Q

Simple random sample (SRS)

A

Number the population, choose the sample by random
*use in experiments, helps divide groups evenly

47
Q

Stratified

A

Split population into similar groups. Then sample from each group

48
Q

Cluster

A

Split population into groups. Sample. Then choose ENTIRE groups of people

49
Q

Systematic

A

Number the population, randomly choose a PLACE then choose every _th person

50
Q

Multistage

A

Divide groups into equal areas and randomly choose areas (geographic)

51
Q

Convenience (ex of bias)

A

Individuals easiest to reach

52
Q

Voluntary (ex of bias)

A

People volunteer to participate by responding

53
Q

Nonresponse

A

Majority of population didn’t answer

AP Stats (4 decks)

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