chapter 4

Question 1

advantages of breast milk,

Answer 1

• nutritious and hygienic qualities
• immunize babies against common illnesses
• reducing the mother’s risk of breast and ovarian cancer.

Question 2

developmental sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top—the head—with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom

Answer 2

cephalocaudal pattern

Question 3

generally proceeds according to the cephalocaudal principle.

Answer 3

motor development

Question 4

developmental sequence in which growth starts at the
center of the body and moves toward the extremities.

Answer 4

proximodistal pattern,

Question 5

infants control the muscles of their trunk and arms before they control their hands and fingers, and they use their whole
hands before they can control several fingers

Answer 5

proximodistal pattern,

Question 6

Because the brain is still developing so rapidly in infancy, the infant’s head should be protected from falls or other injuries and the baby should never be shaken. brain swelling and hemorrhaging, affects hundreds of babies

Answer 6

Shaken baby syndrome

Question 7

a measure of the brain’s electrical activity, to learn about the brain’s development in infancy

Answer 7

electroencephalogram (EEG),

Question 8

baby’s brain activity is being assessed by this device while the baby is listening to spoken words. The infant sits under the machine and when he or she experiences a word, touch, sight, or emotion, the neurons working together in the infant’s brain generate magnetic fields and the device pinpoints the location of the fields in the brain.

Answer 8

MEG brain-imaging device

Question 9

involved in voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose.

Answer 9

Frontal lobes

Question 10

function in vision.

Answer 10

Occipital lobes

Question 11

hearing, language processing, and memory

Answer 11

Temporal lobes

Question 12

registering spatial location, attention, and motor control.

Answer 12

Parietal lobes

Question 13

receive information from other neurons,
muscles, or glands through the axon.

Answer 13

dendrites

Question 14

transmit information away from the cell body

Answer 14

axons

Question 15

nerve cell that handles information processing

Answer 15

neurons

Question 16

covers most axons and speeds information transmission.

Answer 16

myelin sheath

Question 17

Extending from the neuron’s cell body are two types of fibers

Answer 17

axons and dendrites

Question 18

layer of fat cells, encases many
axons

Answer 18

myelin sheath,

Question 19

what are the two functions of neurons

Answer 19

receiving and transmitting information

Question 20

process of encasing axons with fat cells, begins prenatally and continues after birth, even into adolescence and emerging adulthood

Answer 20

myelination,

Question 21

insulates axons and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon

Answer 21

myelin sheath,

Question 22

if neurons die they eat it

Answer 22

phagocytosis

Question 23

1st connection of a child is through its?

Answer 23

senses

Question 24

a child who grew up in the
unresponsive and unstimulating environment, it will develop a?

Answer 24

depressed brain

Question 25

neuroconstructivist view,

Answer 25

(a) biological processes (genes) and environmental conditions (enriched or impoverished) influence the
brain’s development;
(b) the brain has plasticity and is context dependent; and
(c) the child’s
cognitive development is closely linked to development of the brain. These factors constrain
or advance the construction of cognitive skills

Question 26

it restores, replenishes, and rebuilds our brains and bodies.

Answer 26

sleep

Question 27

essential to clearing out waste in neural tissues, such as metabolites and cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 27

sleep

Question 28

a condition that occurs when infants stop
breathing, usually during the night, and die suddenly without any apparent reason

Answer 28

SIDS or Sudden infant death syndrome

Question 29

SIDS occurs more often in infants with abnormal brain stem functioning involving the neurotransmitter?

Answer 29

serotonin

Question 30

give 5 examples for outcomes for the Child in breastfeeding

Answer 30

Allergies., Asthma, Diabetes., Hospitalization. Overweight and obesity.

Question 31

The growing consensus is that is ________ better for the baby’s health, although controversy still swirls about the benefits
of breast feeding in comparison with bottle feeding.

Answer 31

breast feeding

Question 32

give 3 examples for outcomes for the Child in breastfeeding

Answer 32

Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer. Type 2 diabetes

Question 33

infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting. Notice that perception and action are coupled, according to this theory

Answer 33

dynamic systems theory

Question 34

When infants are motivated to do something, they might create a new motor behavior.

Answer 34

motor skill developed

Question 35

built-in reactions to stimuli; they govern the newborn’s movements, which
are automatic and beyond the newborn’s control. genetically carried survival
mechanisms. They allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment before they have had the opportunity to learn. The rooting and sucking reflexes are important examples.

Answer 35

reflexes

Question 36

infant’s cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched. In response, the infant turns its head toward the side that was touched in an
apparent effort to find something to suck.

Answer 36

rooting reflex

Question 37

to get nourishment before they have associated a nipple with food and also serves as a self-soothing or self-regulating mechanism.

Answer 37

sucking reflex

Question 38

response to a sudden, intense noise or movement (see Figure 12). When startled, the newborn arches its back, throws back its
head, and flings out its arms and legs.

Answer 38

moro reflex

Question 39

a way of grabbing for support while falling; it would have had survival value for our primate ancestors.

Answer 39

moro reflex

Question 40

which occurs when something touches the infant’s palms

Answer 40

grasping reflex

Question 41

dynamic process that is linked with sensory information in the skin, joints, and muscles, which tell us where we are in space; in vestibular organs in the inner ear that regulate balance and equilibrium; and in
vision and hearing

Answer 41

posture

Question 43

Normal weight range ~

Answer 43

5lb 8 oz to 8lb 13oz

Question 44

Normal length range ~

Answer 44

19.5 inches

Question 45

Average length at 24 months

Answer 45

~33.2-35.4 inches

Question 46

Least-developed portion of brain at birth; substantial growth

Answer 46

Prefrontal cortex

Question 47

interaction with sensory receptors

Answer 47

Sensation