chapter 4 Flashcards
advantages of breast milk,
- nutritious and hygienic qualities
- immunize babies against common illnesses
- reducing the mother’s risk of breast and ovarian cancer.
developmental sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top—the head—with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom
cephalocaudal pattern
generally proceeds according to the cephalocaudal principle.
motor development
developmental sequence in which growth starts at the
center of the body and moves toward the extremities.
proximodistal pattern,
infants control the muscles of their trunk and arms before they control their hands and fingers, and they use their whole
hands before they can control several fingers
proximodistal pattern,
Because the brain is still developing so rapidly in infancy, the infant’s head should be protected from falls or other injuries and the baby should never be shaken. brain swelling and hemorrhaging, affects hundreds of babies
Shaken baby syndrome
a measure of the brain’s electrical activity, to learn about the brain’s development in infancy
electroencephalogram (EEG),
baby’s brain activity is being assessed by this device while the baby is listening to spoken words. The infant sits under the machine and when he or she experiences a word, touch, sight, or emotion, the neurons working together in the infant’s brain generate magnetic fields and the device pinpoints the location of the fields in the brain.
MEG brain-imaging device
involved in voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose.
Frontal lobes
function in vision.
Occipital lobes
hearing, language processing, and memory
Temporal lobes
registering spatial location, attention, and motor control.
Parietal lobes
receive information from other neurons,
muscles, or glands through the axon.
dendrites
transmit information away from the cell body
axons
nerve cell that handles information processing
neurons
covers most axons and speeds information transmission.
myelin sheath
Extending from the neuron’s cell body are two types of fibers
axons and dendrites
layer of fat cells, encases many
axons
myelin sheath,
what are the two functions of neurons
receiving and transmitting information
process of encasing axons with fat cells, begins prenatally and continues after birth, even into adolescence and emerging adulthood
myelination,
insulates axons and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon
myelin sheath,
if neurons die they eat it
phagocytosis
1st connection of a child is through its?
senses
a child who grew up in the
unresponsive and unstimulating environment, it will develop a?
depressed brain
neuroconstructivist view,
(a) biological processes (genes) and environmental conditions (enriched or impoverished) influence the
brain’s development;
(b) the brain has plasticity and is context dependent; and
(c) the child’s
cognitive development is closely linked to development of the brain. These factors constrain
or advance the construction of cognitive skills
it restores, replenishes, and rebuilds our brains and bodies.
sleep
essential to clearing out waste in neural tissues, such as metabolites and cerebrospinal fluid
sleep
a condition that occurs when infants stop
breathing, usually during the night, and die suddenly without any apparent reason
SIDS or Sudden infant death syndrome
SIDS occurs more often in infants with abnormal brain stem functioning involving the neurotransmitter?
serotonin
give 5 examples for outcomes for the Child in breastfeeding
Allergies., Asthma, Diabetes., Hospitalization. Overweight and obesity.
The growing consensus is that is ________ better for the baby’s health, although controversy still swirls about the benefits
of breast feeding in comparison with bottle feeding.
breast feeding
give 3 examples for outcomes for the Child in breastfeeding
Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer. Type 2 diabetes
infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting. Notice that perception and action are coupled, according to this theory
dynamic systems theory
When infants are motivated to do something, they might create a new motor behavior.
motor skill developed
built-in reactions to stimuli; they govern the newborn’s movements, which
are automatic and beyond the newborn’s control. genetically carried survival
mechanisms. They allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment before they have had the opportunity to learn. The rooting and sucking reflexes are important examples.
reflexes
infant’s cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched. In response, the infant turns its head toward the side that was touched in an
apparent effort to find something to suck.
rooting reflex
to get nourishment before they have associated a nipple with food and also serves as a self-soothing or self-regulating mechanism.
sucking reflex
response to a sudden, intense noise or movement (see Figure 12). When startled, the newborn arches its back, throws back its
head, and flings out its arms and legs.
moro reflex
a way of grabbing for support while falling; it would have had survival value for our primate ancestors.
moro reflex
which occurs when something touches the infant’s palms
grasping reflex
dynamic process that is linked with sensory information in the skin, joints, and muscles, which tell us where we are in space; in vestibular organs in the inner ear that regulate balance and equilibrium; and in
vision and hearing
posture
Normal weight range ~
5lb 8 oz to 8lb 13oz
Normal length range ~
19.5 inches
Average length at 24 months
~33.2-35.4 inches
Least-developed portion of brain at birth; substantial growth
Prefrontal cortex
interaction with sensory receptors
Sensation
