Chapter 4 Flashcards
Test usually carried out in either ear
Monaural
Test usually carried out in both ears simultaneously
Binaural
What are the two kinds of speech thresholds
Speech-detection threshold (SDT)
Speech-recognition threshold (SRT)
Defined as the lowest level, in decibels, at which a subject can barely detect the presence of speech and identify it as speech
Speech-detection threshold (SDT)
Defined as the lowest hearing level at which speech can barely be understood
Speech-recognition threshold (SRT)
For a number of reasons, the ____ has become more popular with audiologist than the ___ is thus preferred speech-threshold test
SRT; SDT
Today most SRTs are obtained with the use of ____, often called spondees
Spondaic words
A word with two syllables, both pronounced with equal stress and effort
Spondee
On some prerecorded spondee lists, a _____ precedes each word, for example, “say the word…..,” folllowed by the stimulus word
Carrier phrase
the ___ is usually defined as the lowest hearing level at which 50 percent of a list of spondaic words is correctly identified
SRT
____ are especially useful in testing young children who will “play a game” with words but not with tones
bone-conducted SRTs
The ____ is always higher (requires greater intensity) than the ___
SRT; SDT
Although some of these produces have been quite elegant, most audiologist have agreed that the SRT can be predicated by finding the average of the lowest two thresholds at 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz
True
Unlike the ____, which is a decibel measurement of the softest level that can be heard, the ____ is a percentage measure that qualities how clearly speech is heard
Speech recognition threshold; speech recognition score
Means that a test is able to reveal similar scores on subsequent administrations (test-retest reliability) and that different forms of the same test result in equivalent scores
Reliability
The validity of any speech-recognition test relates to the following:
- How well it measures what it is supposed to measure (a person’s difficulties in understanding speech)
- How favorably a test compares with other similar measures
- How the test stands up to alterations of the signal (such as by distortion or presentation with noise) that are known to affect other speech tests in specific ways
___were designed to reduce word-recognition test time without sacrificing validity
Short isophonemic word lists
The test used with these lists is designed to measure the word-recognition scores of patients with high-frequency hearing losses who are known to have special difficulties in understanding speech
High frequency emphasis lists
Developed two lists, each with 25 nonsense syllables. Every item contains a two-syllable utterance, with each syllable produced by a consonant, followed by a vowel (CVCV)
Nonsense-syllable lists
Patients are supplied with a list of six rhyming words and select the one they think they have heard. Fifty sets of items are presented to the patient, along with a noise in the test ear. Half of the word sets vary only on the initial phoneme, and the other half differ in the final phoneme
Modified rhyme test
A closed-response test designed to be sensible to the discrimination problems of patients with high-frequency hearing losses. In this test, one hindered monosyllabic words are arranged in two scramblings to produce two test lists. The patient, selecting from four possibilities, marks a score sheet next to the selected word.
California consonant test
Developed by Wilson and Antablin to test the word recognition of adults who could not produce verbal responses and had difficulty in selecting items from a printed worksheet
Picture identification task (PIT)
Children is presented with a series of cards, each of which contains six pictures. Four of the six pictures are possibilities as the stimulus item on a given test, and the other two pictures on each card (which are never tested) act as foiled to decrease the probability of a correct guess. Children indicate which picture corresponds to the word they believe they have heard
Word intelligibility by picture identification (WIPI) test
Child is presented with a series of four picture sets, including 65 items with 50 words scored on the tests
Northwestern university children’s perception of speech (NUCHIPS) test
Involves a set of ten synthetic sentences. To decrease the effects of guessing, each sentence contains 7 words, with a noun, predicate, object, and so on, but carries no meaning. All words were selected from Thorndike’s list of the 1000 most familiar words.
Testing speech recognition with sentences
Fifty key words are contained within ten sets of ten sentences each. The percentage of correctly identify key words determines the score
Central institute for the deaf (CID) Everyday sentence test
Many audiologists feel that speech-recognition tests carried out in quiet do not taxa patients’ speech-recognition abilities sufficiently to reflect the kinds of communication problems that are experienced in daily life
True
A test made up of eight lists of 50 sentences each; only the last word in each sentence is the test item, resulting in 200 test words. The test items are recorded on one channel of a two—channel CD, and a voice babble is recorded on the second channel. In this way, the two hearing-level dials of an audiometer can control the ratio of the intensities of the two signals
Speech perception in noise (SPIN) test
Designed to obtain an estimate of a patients experienced difficulty hearing in noise that is representative of the patients performance in the real world. The test is comprised of six sentences presented in the presence of a four0talker babble noise, with five key words per sentence. The sentences are presented at five prerecorded signal-to-noise ratio encompassing a range from normal to severely impaired performance in noise
QuickSIN (speech in noise) test
Comprised of eight sets of six passages, the patient listens to each passage, given one sentence at a time, and is instructed to retreat as much of each sentence as he or she understands. Each passage contains 25 keywords that are used for scoring, with intelligibility scores based on the number of key words repeated correctly
Connected speech test (CST)
Measures the listeners ability to hear sentences in quiet and in noise in the sound field
Hearing in noise test (HINT)
For the more commonly used speech-recognition tests, the results are recorded on the ____ in terms of the percentage of correctly identified words
Audiometer worksheet
When administering speech-recognition tests, audiologists must decide on:
- The method of delivery of the speech stimuli (prerecorded material is recommended over monitored live-voice)
- The type of materials to be used
- The method of response
- The intensity at which the test will be performed
- Whether more than one level of testing is desired
- Whether a competing signal is desired in the test ear (or loudspeaker) to increase the difficulty of the test and, if so, the intensity of the competition
- Whether masking of the no test ear is necessary and, if so, the amount and type of noise to use
Instructions to patients should be delivered orally, even if printed instructions have been read prior to the test
True
The presentation level of the stimuli should be properly controlled and monitored on the VU meter of the audiometer
True
The audiologists should be seated in front of the microphone and should speak directly onto its diaphragm
True
During testing patients may respond by-
Repeating the stimulus word, writing down their responses on a form (with 50 or 25 numbered spaces for standard word lists), circling or marking through the correct answer on a closed-message set, or pointing to a picture or object
Many of the word lists currently used in speech-recognition testing were developed during ____ to test the efficiency with which electronic communications systems could transmit speech
World war 2
Regardless of whether speech-recognition testing is done at a set sensation level (above the SRT) for each ear or a preset intensity that os the same in both ears, the amount of the audible signal in the ear varies depending on the degree of hearing loss and its configuration
True
Although the test-retest reliability of word tests is good for patients with normal hearing and conductive hearing losses, this consistency sometimes fails for patients with primarily sensory/neural impairments
True
Many patients perform considerably better on speech-recognition tests than they do in daily conversation, and other not nearly as well.
True
Speech-recognition tests may be helpful in diagnosis, but they are far from perfect for predicting real-world communication performance
True
In cases of sever mixed hearing loss, a patient’s best possible speech-recognition score may not be attainable because of the severity of the air-conduction hearing loss
True
It is possible to estimate a persons speech-recognition ability based on the amount of the speech signal that is audible with a given hearing loss
Audibility index or speech intelligibility index
___ provides a quick visual depiction of the audibility of speech with a given hearing loss
Speech sound audiogram
Some audiologists gain useful information from determining the hearing level at which speech is most comfortably loud for their patients
Most comfortable loudness (MCL)
Most people with normal hearing find speech comfortable at ___ above threshold
44 to 55 dB
