Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Lewis acid

A

electron acceptors

vacant orbitals or positively polarized atoms

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2
Q

Lewis base

A

electron donors

have lone pair of electrons and are often anions

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3
Q

Bronsted Lowry Acid

A

Proton donor

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4
Q

Bronsted Lowry Base

A

Proton acceptor

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5
Q

Amphoteric

A

can act as acid or base depending on reaction conditions

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6
Q

Acid dissociation constant

A

Ka

Measure of acidity and corresponds to dissociation of an acid into proton and conjugate base

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7
Q

pKa

A

-log(Ka)

Lower pKa is stronger acid

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8
Q

How does pKa trend on a periodic table

A

decreases down the table and as EN increases

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9
Q

Common basic functional groups

A

amines and amides

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10
Q

Common acidic functional groups

A

alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and acid derivatives

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11
Q

nucleophiles

A

nucleus loving, contain lone pairs or pi bonds

have increased electron density and often carry a negative charge

more basic is better nucleophile

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12
Q

How do nucleophile properties differ from bases

A

Nucleophilicity is kinetic, basicity is thermodynamic

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13
Q

What affects nucleophilicity

A

Charge, electronegativity, sterics, solvent

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14
Q

Electrophiles

A

electron loving, have positive charged or positively polarized

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15
Q

What normally acts as a good electrophile

A

alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and acid derivatives

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16
Q

Leaving groups

A

molecular fragments that contain electrons after heterolysis

17
Q

What makes a good leaving groups

A

groups that can stabilize charges through resonance or induction

weak bases

18
Q

SN1 reaction

A

unimolecular nucleophilic substitution

LG leaves forming carbocation

Nucleophilic attacks cation

19
Q

What is the product of SN1

A

racemic mixture of product (can attack from either side)

20
Q

What type of carbons are preferred for SN1

A

more substituted carbons because the alkyl groups are EDG which stabilizes the positive carbocation

21
Q

Rate of SN1

A

depends only on concentration of substrate

rate= k [R-L]

22
Q

SN2 reaction

A

bimolecular nucleophilic substitution

nucleophile attacks while LG leaves ONE STEP

23
Q

What is the product of SN2 reactions

A

Inverted stereochemistry product due to the backside attack

24
Q

What is preferred for SN2 reaction

A

less substituted carbon because the steric hindrance affects the nucleophile from accessing the electrophilic substrate

25
Q

Rate of SN2 reaction

A

depends on concentration of nucleophile and substrate

rate=k [nu][R-L]

26
Q

Oxidation state

A

charge an atom would have if all bonds were completely ionic

CH4 lowest oxidation (most reduced) CO2 is highest

27
Q

Rank oxidation of functional groups

A

Carboxylic acids/ derivatives> aldehydes > ketones > imines> alcohols > alkyl halides > amines

28
Q

oxidation

A

increase in oxidation state and is assisted by oxidation agents

more bonds to O, less to H

29
Q

Oxidation agents

A

Accept electrons, are reduced

High electron affinity, high oxidation state

Contain a metal and many oxygens

30
Q

PCC

A

alcohol to aldehyde

31
Q

What oxidizes alcohol to Carboxylic acid

A

CrO3 or Na2Cr2O7

32
Q

Reduction

A

decrease in oxidation sate and is assisted by reducing agents

33
Q

Reducing agents

A

donate electrons and are oxidized

low EN low ionization energy

contain metal and many hydrides

34
Q

LiAlH4

A

Reduces aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids to alcohols

Amides to amines

esters to alcohol

35
Q
A