Chapter 4 Flashcards
Lewis acid
electron acceptors
vacant orbitals or positively polarized atoms
Lewis base
electron donors
have lone pair of electrons and are often anions
Bronsted Lowry Acid
Proton donor
Bronsted Lowry Base
Proton acceptor
Amphoteric
can act as acid or base depending on reaction conditions
Acid dissociation constant
Ka
Measure of acidity and corresponds to dissociation of an acid into proton and conjugate base
pKa
-log(Ka)
Lower pKa is stronger acid
How does pKa trend on a periodic table
decreases down the table and as EN increases
Common basic functional groups
amines and amides
Common acidic functional groups
alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and acid derivatives
nucleophiles
nucleus loving, contain lone pairs or pi bonds
have increased electron density and often carry a negative charge
more basic is better nucleophile
How do nucleophile properties differ from bases
Nucleophilicity is kinetic, basicity is thermodynamic
What affects nucleophilicity
Charge, electronegativity, sterics, solvent
Electrophiles
electron loving, have positive charged or positively polarized
What normally acts as a good electrophile
alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and acid derivatives