Chapter 4

Question 1

TCPS2 CORE Principles

Answer 1

Respect for persons
Concern for welfare
Justice

Question 2

APA’s Five Principles

Answer 2

Beneficence and nomaleficence
Fidelity and responsibility
Integrity
Justice
Respect for people’s rights and dignity

Question 3

Institutional Review Board (IRA)

Answer 3

Committee responsible for interpreting ethical principles and ensuring that research on human participants is conducted ethically
5+ people (scientist, academic interests outside sciences, community member with no ties to institution, prisoner advocate if applicable)

Question 4

Informed Consent

Answer 4

Researchers must explain in everyday language to participants (outlines procedures, risks, benefits, statements about experimental treatments)

Question 5

Deception

Answer 5

Participants not told about comparison conditions
Omission: researcher withheld some details of the study from participants
Commission: researchers actively lied to participants
Must compare ethical costs of deception

Question 6

Debriefing

Answer 6

Must describe nature of deception and why it was necessary after study
Debrief can be done even in non deceptive studies

Question 7

Data Fabrication

Answer 7

Occurs when, instead of recording what actually happened in a study (or instead of running a study at all), researchers invent data that fit their hypotheses

Question 8

Data Falsification

Answer 8

Occurs when researchers influence a study’s results (e.g. selectively deleting observations from a data set or influencing subjects to act a certain way)

Question 9

Openness and Transparency

Answer 9

Research misconduct violates openness and transparency
Open data upholds communality and allows other scientists to replicate published work and test hypotheses

Question 10

Plagiarism

Answer 10

Representing ideas or words of others as one’s own

Question 11

Self Plagiarize

Answer 11

Recycling your own text

Question 12

3 Rs of Animal Research

Answer 12

Replacement (find alternatives to animals in research when possible, like computers)
Refinement (modify experimental procedures to eliminate animal distress
Reduction (researchers should adopt designs/procedures that require fewest animals possible)

Question 13

Nuremberg Code

Answer 13

German physicians and administrators faced criminal charges for participation in war crimes and crimes against humanity
Medical experiments on concentration camp prisoners without consent resulting in death or permanent disability
Result: Nuremberg Code was first international document advocating voluntary participant and informed consent (1948)

Question 14

Explain Tuskegee Syphilis Study & Ethical Violations

Answer 14

600 men (400 with syphilis and 200 without)
Studying the effects of untreated syphilis and toxic metal treatment
Follow the men infected until they died to see the progression
Infected men told they had bad blood and not syphilis
Went to the clinic for testing and evaluation but never given any treatment
Painful and potentially dangerous spinal tap done to see progression (researchers lied and said it was a treatment for free)
Men who enlisted in war were rejected and told to get treatment, but researchers interfere with them getting treated
Another study found use of penicillin good for syphilis, but researchers did not tell or use it for participants
Unethical choices
Men were not treated respectfully
Researchers lied about the nature of their participation and withheld information
Did not enable informed consent
After men died, doctors offered generous burial fee to families to ensure of ability to do autopsy
Families may have felt coerced
Men were harmed
Not told about a treatment that could have cured them
Subjected to dangerous and painful tests
Researchers targeted a disadvantaged social group
All the men in study were poor and african american but syphilis can affect everybody

Question 15

Explain Milgram Obedience Study & Ethical Violations

Answer 15

Participant has to punish a learner (confederate) for wrong answers with increasing shocks
Hear distress from participant in other room
Experimenter continues to tell you to keep going
Balancing participant risk with benefit to society
Study caused extreme stress to participants
Participants were debriefed after the study and shook hands with learner who was fine
Debrief did not mention that learner never received shocks (many participants worried about learners welfare even afterwards)
In later studies, Milgram knew people would follow instructions, yet he did not adjust study to reduce distress
Research helped us learn about society and may have even benefitted participants through findings
Concern for welfare is concern (distress, not fully debriefed)

Question 16

Explain Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment & Ethical Violations

Answer 16

Undergrad males randomly assigned to be prison guard or prisoner
Study had to be terminated early (5 days instead of 2 weeks)
Attempt to see what happens when you put good people in bad situation
Was paid study, volunteer participants
Did psychological testing, only picked those with normal results
Had guards set up prison, pick uniforms, etc
Prisoners were told to wait at home, arrested by police (weren’t told about police part)
When prisoners rebelled guards set new rules
Everything but air is a privilege
Started to escalate, abuse, violence, etc became extreme
Had to release 5 prisoners for breakdowns in 36 hours
Rest of prisoners became mindlessly obedient zombies
Changes occurred quickly and extremely, students became the role
Did not fully consent (risk was unknown), could have been terminated sooner

Question 17

Explain Thalidomide Case, Ethical Violations, & Results

Answer 17

Approved as sedative in Europe but no FDA approval in North America
Prescribed in North America to control sleep and nausea during pregnancy
Later found that it caused severe deformities in fetus
Many patients didn’t know they were taking an experimental drug nor did they give informed consent
Result: new regulations from FDA requiring drug manufacturers to prove effectiveness prior to marketing