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Individual Differences > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is perception and sensation?

A

It is the awareness, identification, organization, and interpretation of stimuli received by the senses.

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2
Q

What’s the purpose of perception and sensation?

A

It enables people to make sense of and give meaning to their experiences.

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3
Q

What is sensation?

A

It is a physiological process, of how people become aware of what is happening inside and outside their bodies through stimuli.

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4
Q

What are stimuli?

A

It is the energy we receive through our five senses.

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5
Q

What is perception?

A

It is a psychological process, of how people understand or give
meaning to sensations.

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5
Q

How does the process of perception and sensation take place?

A

In one unified information-processing system.

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6
Q

What is visual perception?

A

It is the uniqueness of what every person sees based on their cognition, experiences, and knowledge.

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7
Q

What are the perceptual laws and factors that determine a perceptual organization?

A

Form Perception.
Depth & Spacial Perception.
Perceptual Constancy.
Perception Of Movement.
Visual Illusions.

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8
Q

What is form perception?

A

It is how people organize visual elements into meaningful wholes.

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9
Q

What is Gestalt’s law of perception?

A

People organize visual stimuli into figure dimensions.

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10
Q

What are the 7 laws of Gestalt?

A

Proximity.
Closure.
Similarity.
Continuity.
Pragnanz.
Symmetry.
Common Fate.

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11
Q

What is depth or spatial perception?

A

It is how our brain interprets the distances and positions of objects in the world around us, helping us understand how close or far things are from us.

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12
Q

What do we interpret objects out of?

A

Depth dimensions.
Distance.
Height.
Width.

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13
Q

What are some monocular cues?

A

Size cues.
Height cues.
Study the rest.

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14
Q

What are some binocular cues?

A

Convergence.
Retinal disparity.

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15
Q

What is perceptual constancy?

A

It is what allows people to change and move around from known to unknown situations and still perceive many things as stable and the same.

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16
Q

What are some visual constancies used to explain stable visual perception?

A

Size constancy
Shape constancy
Brightness constancy
Colour constancy
Location constancy

17
Q

What is the perception of movement?

A

It is an area where visual perception is sometimes inconsistent, because information from the retina and eye muscles may play
tricks on people.

18
Q

What are the types of perception movement?

A

Real Movement.
Apparent movement.
Stroboscopic movement.
Auto-kinetic illusion.
Induced movement.

19
Q

What are visual or optical illusions?

A

It is the difference between the appearance of visual stimuli and physical reality.

19
Q

What are physical illusions?

A

They are illusions caused by real stimulus attributes.

20
Q

What are induced illusions?

A

It is when people experience something that does not happen.

21
Q

What are optical illusions?

A

They are illusions that are caused by stimuli playing tricks on the mind, leading to inaccurate perceptions.

21
Q

What are the attributes of the perceiver?

A

Subjectively influenced characteristics by stimuli.

In short (Characteristics that influence subjectivity)
Examples include:

Personality.
Experiences.
Values.
Beliefs.
Expectations.
Emotions.

22
Q

What are the attributes of the perceiver?

A

These are the factors and influences from the environment that impact what is perceived.

In short( Characteristics of what is being received.)

Examples include:

Physical properties.
Novelty.
Sound.
Proximity.
Background.

23
Q

What is person perception, interpersonal or social perception?

A

It is a perceptual process that takes place during interaction and communication between people in many situations.

24
Q

What is impression formation?

A

It is the process of obtaining and processing information and giving meaning to perceptions.

25
Q

What are the factors that affect impression formation?

A

Cognitive schemata.
Perceptual Distortions.

26
Q

What is cognitive schemata?

A

It is a mental framework that helps us organize and interpret information. It is a mental representation of how we think the world works.

27
Q

What are perceptual distortions?

A

They are errors in how we perceive the world around us.

28
Q

What causes these perceptual distortions?

A

The primary effect.
Physical appearance.
Stereotypes.
The Halo Effect.
The Contrast Effect.
Projection.

29
Q

What is the primary effect?

A

It is the tendency for early information to be considered more
important than later information.

Examples of the primary effect include:

Confirmation bias.
Self-fulfilling prophecy.

30
Q

What is attribution in perception?

A

It is how people make judgments about
the causes of their own
and others’ behavior.

31
Q

What is internal attribution?

A

It is something within a person that we observe, like a personality.

32
Q

What is external attribution?

A

It is something that is caused by something outside the person we observe, like a situation.

33
Q

What are the 3 sources of information used in the nature of attribution?

A

Distinctiveness.
Consistency.
Consensus.

34
Q

What are some attribution errors that are caused due to perceptual distortions?

A

Fundamental attribution error.
Actor-observer effect.
Defensive attribution bias.
Self-serving bias.
The just-world hypothesis.

35
Q

What are some methods to enhance impression formation?

A

Self-enhancing behaviors.
Enhancing other people and organizations.

36
Q

What are some self-enhancing behaviors?

A

Improving one’s physical appearance.
Emphasize positive aspects.
Avoid indicating faults.
Name-Dropping.

37
Q

How can one enhance other people and organizations?

A

By being:

Open and Honest.
Being Involved.
Compete.
Make others feel good.
Be personal with other people.

38
Q
A

Individual Differences (4 decks)

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