Chapter 4

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

The study of the basic structures of the body.

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

The study of how the body structures function.

Question 3

Clinical pharmacology

Answer 3

The study of the effects and movement of drugs in the human body.

Question 4

When is modern pharmacology thought to have begun?

Answer 4

Early 1800s - at that time, chemists were making remarkable progress in isolating specific substances from complex mixtures.

Enabled scientists to isolate agents morphine, colchicine, curare, cocaine, and other early pharmacologic agents from their natural sources.

Question 5

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 5

Study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action, i.e., the study of what a drug does to the body.

Question 6

Study of how a drug is processed by the body, with emphasis on the time required for absorption, distribution, duration of action (metabolism) and method of excretion (ADME)

Answer 6

Pharmaco-kinetics

Question 7

Drug distribution and elimination

Answer 7

Drug delivery systems, route of administration, modes of excretion.

Question 8

Basic Clinical Pharmacology - three main concepts

Answer 8

Pharmacodynamics - what a drug does to the body

Pharmacokinetics - how a drug is processed by the body (ADME)

Drug Distribution and Elimination

Question 9

Working definition of a drug

Answer 9

Any chemical substance that affects the body and it’s processes.

Question 10

Every drug has at least three names

Answer 10

Chemical name - atomic or molecular structure of the drug

Generic name - official body assigns a generic name

Trade name - chosen by the pharmaceutical company

Question 11

Primary role of Pharmaceutical Sales Rep

Answer 11

To educate and detail physicians so that prescribed medication is delivered in a safe manner.

Question 12

Pharmaceutical Sales Rep’s responsibilities include:

Answer 12

Why the drug should be ordered.
Name (generic and trade) and drug classification.
Intended or proposed use of the drug.
Effects on the body of your pharmacology product.
Contraindications.
Special considerations (how age, weight, body fat distribution, and individual pathophysiological states affect pharmacotherapeutic response).
Potential side effects.
Why the medication has been prescribed for a particular patient.
How the medication is to be administered, including dosage ranges.

Question 13

Therapeutics

Answer 13

Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention of disease and treatment of suffering.

Question 14

Pharmacotherapy or pharmacotherapeutics

Answer 14

Application of drugs for the purpose of disease prevention and treatment of suffering.

Question 15

Substances applied for therapeutic purposes fall into one of three general categories:

Answer 15

Drugs and medications
Biologics
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) therapies

Question 16

Drug or medications - definition

Answer 16

A drug is a chemical agent capable of producing biologic responses within the body - either therapeutic or adverse.

After a drug is administered, it is called a medication.

Question 17

Biologics

Answer 17

Agents naturally produced in animal cells, by microorganisms, or by the body itself.

Examples include hormones, monoclonal antibodies, natural blood products and components, interferons, and vaccines.

Question 18

Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Therapies

Answer 18

Involve plant extracts, herbs, vitamins, minerals, dietary supplements, and many other techniques.

Include manipulative and body-based practices such as acupuncture, hypnosis, biofeedback, and massage.

Question 19

The cell

Answer 19

Basic structural and functional units of the body and all living organisms.

Question 20

Cells in human body contain the following:

Answer 20

Cell membrane
Cell membrane receptors
The nucleus
Cytoplasm/protoplasm
Extracellular fluid
Tissues
Organs
Muscle tissues
Plasma

Question 21

Classes of Nutrients

Answer 21

Proteins
Fats
Carbohydrates
Vitamins
Minerals

Water is not a nutrient but necessary for all body functions.

Question 22

The Body’s Major Systems

Answer 22

Cardiovascular system
Respiratory system
Gastrointestinal system
Nervous system
Musculoskeletal system
Reproductive system
Immune system

Question 23

Drug products that contain the same active ingredients but also produce virtually the same blood levels over time

Answer 23

Bioequivalent

Question 24

Bioequivalent ensures ______ (production of the same medicinal effect)

Answer 24

Therapeutic equivalence

Question 25

How quickly and how much of a drug reaches its intended target site of action.

Answer 25

Bioavailability

Question 26

Movement of the blood into the bloodstream

Answer 26

Drug absorption

Question 27

Movement of a drug to and from the blood and various tissues and the relative proportions of that drug in those tissues

Answer 27

Drug distribution

Question 28

Drugs that dissolve in water tend to stay within the blood and the fluid that surrounds cells (interstitial space)

Answer 28

Water soluble drugs

Question 29

Drugs that dissolve in fat tend to concentrate in fatty tissue

Answer 29

Fat soluble drugs

Question 30

Do fat soluble or water soluble drugs cell membranes more quickly?

Answer 30

Fat soluble

Question 31

Main route of drug excretion

Answer 31

Kidneys

Question 32

Other routes of excretion of drugs besides kidneys:

Answer 32

Lungs
Breast milk
Sweat, tears, urine, and feces
Bile
Saliva
Exhaled air