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Neuromuscular Basis Of Human Motion > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

0
Q

Neuron situated in a dorsal root ganglion just outside the spinal cord, afferent

A

Sensory

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1
Q

Neuron situated in the anterior horns of spinal cord, efferent

A

Motor neuron

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2
Q

Bundle of fibers enclosed within a connective tissue sheath, for transmission of impulses

A

Nerves

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3
Q

Total number of spinal nerves

A

31

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4
Q

Connection between neurons

A

Synapse

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5
Q

An excitatory stimulus

A

Facilitation

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6
Q

An inhibitory stimulus

A

Inhibition

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7
Q

Sensory receptors (2)

A

1) exteroceptors

2) interoceptors

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8
Q

Receptors Stimulated by body movements, transmits information to cns

A

Proprioceptors

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9
Q

Two primary categories of proprioceptors

A

1) muscle

2) joint and skin receptors

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10
Q

Muscle proprioceptors: located in muscle belly, parallel with fibers

A

Muscle spindles

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11
Q

Muscle proprioceptors: when stretched, sensory nerve sends impulses to CNS, which activates the motor neurons facilitating contraction of the same muscle

A

Muscle spindles

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12
Q

“Regular” muscle fibers

A

Extrafusal

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13
Q

Muscle fibers inside spindles

A

Intrafusal

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14
Q

Two types of nerve endings in spindles

A

1) primary/ annulospiral endings

2) flower spray endings

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15
Q

Nerve endings in spindle: coiled around non-contractile midsection, sensitive to velocity of change (phasic), sharp decline in impulses with static length change

A

Annulospiral endings

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16
Q

Nerve endings in spindle: at end of non-contractile midsection, respond to static muscle length, impulses directly proportional to change in length

A

Flower spray endings

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17
Q

Neurons that stimulate the intrafusal fibers to contract, shortening the muscle spindle

A

Gamma motor neurons

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18
Q

Muscle proprioceptors: embedded “ in series” in the tendon, as tension in tendon increases it activates, signals CNS to relax muscle

A

Golgi tendon organ

19
Q

Joint and skin proprioceptors: in regions around joint capsules, ligaments, and tendon sheaths, activated by joint angle changes and pressure

A

Pacinian corpuscles

20
Q

Joint and skin proprioceptors: in deep layers of skin and joint capsule, activated by mechanical deformation, stimulated strongly by sudden joint movement, sense joint position and changesin joint angle

A

Ruffini endings

21
Q

3 cutaneous receptors:

A

1) meissner corpuscles
2) pacinian corpuscles
3) free nerve endings

22
Q

Cutaneous receptors: touch

A

Meissner corpuscles

23
Q

Cutaneous receptors: pressure

A

Pacinian corpuscles

24
Q

Cutaneous receptors: pain

A

Free nerve endings

25
Q

System concerned with sense of balance that consists of utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals

A

Labyrinthine

26
Q

Labyrinthine and neck proprioceptors: sensitive to linear acceleration and head position with respect to gravity

A

Utricle

27
Q

Labyrinthine and neck proprioceptors: sensitive to angular acceleration, three canals oriented indifferent planes at right angles to each other

A

Semicircular canals

28
Q

Labyrinthine and neck proprioceptors: sensitive to angle between the body and the head, prevents labyrinthine proprioceptors from producing feeling of imbalance

A

Joint receptors of the neck

29
Q

A specific pattern of response without volition from the cerebrum, stimulus - receptor organ - sensory neuron - motor neuron - muscle ( response)

A

Reflex movement

30
Q

stimulus - pressure
receptor- pacinian corpuscles
response - contraction of the extensor muscles of that limb

A

extensor thrust reflex (exteroceptive reflex)

31
Q

stimulus - pain, noxious stimuli
receptor - free nerve endings
response - quick withdrawal from source of pain

A

flexor reflex, exteroceptive reflex

32
Q

stimulus - flexor reflex or un-weighting

response - opposite extensors contract for support

A

corssed extensor reflex

33
Q

a reflex contraction of stretched muscle and synergists and relaxation of antagonists

A

stretch reflex

34
Q

stimulus - high velocity stretch
receptor - annulospiral endings of muscle spindle
response - facilitates proportional contraction of stretched muscle

A

phasic response

35
Q

stimulus - slow sustained stretch
receptor- flow spray endings of muscle spindle
response - gamma efferent system rests spindle tension using intrafusal fiber contraction or relaxation

A

tonic response

36
Q

stim - high level of stretch, due to muslce stretch or muscle contraction
receptor - golgi tendon organ
response - relaxation of stretched muscle and facilitation of antagonist

A

tendon relex

37
Q

stim - head not upright with respect to graity
recep - utricle and semicircular canals
response - bring the head to the upright position
–is integrated with movements ofthe arms and les as described in the tonic neck and labyrinthine reflexes

A

righting reflex

38
Q

tonic neck reflex:
stim- head/neck flexion/hyper extension
receptor - neck receptors
response - h/n flexion facilitates upper extremity fleion, or hyperextension

A

symmetrical

39
Q

tonic neck reflex:
stim - head/neck rotatoin
receptor - neck receptors
response - h/n rotation facilitates upper extremity chin side ab/ and extension, back of head side adduction and flexion

A

asymmetricl response

40
Q

CNS level of control: where consciousness occurs, initiation of voluntary movement

A

erebral cortex

41
Q

CNS level of control: responsible for homeostasis, coordination and some learned acts of posture

A

basal ganglia

42
Q

CNS level of control: key role in sensory integration, regulates timing and intensity of muscle contraction

A

cerebellum

43
Q

CNS level of control: arousal and monitoring of physiological parameters, key facilitory and inhibitory centers

A

brain stem

44
Q

CNS level of control: contains cell bodies of lower motor neurons, common pahtway between CNS & PNS, final point for integration and control

A

spinal cord

45
Q

the conscious awareness of position of body parts and the amt and rate of joint movement

A

kinesthesis

Neuromuscular Basis Of Human Motion (1 decks)

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