Chapter 4 Flashcards
traits controlled by more than one gene
polygenic traits
phenotypic variation not represented by distinct classes. tend to show phenotypes that are a continuity between two extremes.
continous phenotype
traits controlled by one or more gene and show significant interactions with the environment
multifactorial traits
phenotypic variation in which the phenotypes fall into distinct classes, such as tall vs short or yellow vs green
Discontinous phenotype
used to describe traits such as obesity, that appear to have a genetic and environmental components, but the genetic component is not fully yet understood
complex traits
chromosome which has two genes that code for eye color
Chromosome 15
chromosome which has a single gene that codes for eye color
Chromosome 15, bey 1 gene
trait that has at least 3 and probably more genes that code for it’s phenotype
Human eye color
hormone found in the brain, platelets, digestive tract and pineal gland. acts as both neurotransmitter and vasoconstrictor. lack of has been linked to depression
Serotonin
has a single allele that codes for brown
Chromosome 15, bey 1 gene
has two alleles, one codes for brown and one for blue
Chromosome 15, bey 2 gene
has two alleles, one for green and one for blue
Chromosome 19
the percent of factors, genetics and environmental that can cause the expression of a phenotype
liablity
the point at which the combination of genetic and environmental factors cause phenotype to be expressed
threshold of liability
used to study traits such as cleft palate and clubbed foot, that are multifactorial but that express themselves with a discontinuous distribution
threshold molecule
site or position on a chromosome where a particular gene or DNA sequence reside
loci
the tendency for offspring of parents of the one extreme or the other of a phenotype to be closer to the mean phenotype than their parents
regression to the mean
triangular areas of a fingerprint where ridge patterns diverge
triradii
an expression of how much of the observed variation in a phenotype is due to differences in genotype
Heritability
phenotypic variation among individuals due to different genotypes
genetic variance
phenotypic variation among individuals with the same genotype
environmental variance
disease of the heart and associated blood vessels
cardiovascular disease
systolic pressure that is consistently over 140 mm Hg and or diastolic pressure over 90mm Hg
essential hypertension
the amount of similarity in phenotypes between individuals
concordance
have a correlation coefficient of 1.0
monozygote twins
have a correlation coefficient of .5
dizygote twins
pressure of the systemic circuit when the ventricles are relaxed
diastolic pressure
pressure of the systemic circuit when the ventricles are contracting
systolic pressure
hormone produced by liver which controls the amount of salt and water reabsorbed into the blood by the kidney
angiotensinogen (AGT)
build up of plaque along the walls of blood vessels resulting in decreased or stoppage of blood flow
arteriosclerosis
caused by an imbalance of the amount of lipids and the breakdown and excretion of the lipids. results in an elevated level of cholesterol in the blood stream
Hypercholesterolemia
pigment found within cells of the epidermis of the skin which determine skin hue
melanin
type of melanin that is brown/black in color
Eumelanin
type of melanin that is red/ yellow in color
pheomelanin
composed of 40% cholesterol
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
composed of 20% cholesterol
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
heart attack
myocardial infarctions
has two types, one that is good and removes cholesterol laden molecules from the blood stream and one that does the same job, but can cause inflammation of the blood vessel lining
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
carries cholesterol to tissues and organs
low density lipoprotein (LDL)
“good cholesterol”
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
“bad cholesterol”
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
results in a non functioning portion of the heart
myocardial infarction
based heavily on reading, vocab, and problem solving
IQ and genes
gene located on chromosome 6, associated with developmental dyslexia
omim 600202
gene located on chromosome 4, associated with cognitive (reasoning) ability
omim 603783
heritability of .6 to .8
Heritability of intelligence
cells found within the epidermal skin layer that receive melanosomes from the melanin producing cells
keratinocytes (basal cell karalinocytes)
number of these organelles found within specialized basal cells of the epidermal skin layer that determine skin color hue
melanosomes
melanin producing cells of the skin
melanocytes
organelles that produce and store melanin
melanosomes
