Chapter 4

Question 1

traits controlled by more than one gene

Answer 1

polygenic traits

Question 2

phenotypic variation not represented by distinct classes. tend to show phenotypes that are a continuity between two extremes.

Answer 2

continous phenotype

Question 3

traits controlled by one or more gene and show significant interactions with the environment

Answer 3

multifactorial traits

Question 4

phenotypic variation in which the phenotypes fall into distinct classes, such as tall vs short or yellow vs green

Answer 4

Discontinous phenotype

Question 5

used to describe traits such as obesity, that appear to have a genetic and environmental components, but the genetic component is not fully yet understood

Answer 5

complex traits

Question 6

chromosome which has two genes that code for eye color

Answer 6

Chromosome 15

Question 7

chromosome which has a single gene that codes for eye color

Answer 7

Chromosome 15, bey 1 gene

Question 7

trait that has at least 3 and probably more genes that code for it’s phenotype

Answer 7

Human eye color

Question 8

hormone found in the brain, platelets, digestive tract and pineal gland. acts as both neurotransmitter and vasoconstrictor. lack of has been linked to depression

Answer 8

Serotonin

Question 9

has a single allele that codes for brown

Answer 9

Chromosome 15, bey 1 gene

Question 10

has two alleles, one codes for brown and one for blue

Answer 10

Chromosome 15, bey 2 gene

Question 11

has two alleles, one for green and one for blue

Answer 11

Chromosome 19

Question 12

the percent of factors, genetics and environmental that can cause the expression of a phenotype

Answer 12

liablity

Question 13

the point at which the combination of genetic and environmental factors cause phenotype to be expressed

Answer 13

threshold of liability

Question 14

used to study traits such as cleft palate and clubbed foot, that are multifactorial but that express themselves with a discontinuous distribution

Answer 14

threshold molecule

Question 15

site or position on a chromosome where a particular gene or DNA sequence reside

Answer 15

loci

Question 16

the tendency for offspring of parents of the one extreme or the other of a phenotype to be closer to the mean phenotype than their parents

Answer 16

regression to the mean

Question 17

triangular areas of a fingerprint where ridge patterns diverge

Answer 17

triradii

Question 18

an expression of how much of the observed variation in a phenotype is due to differences in genotype

Answer 18

Heritability

Question 19

phenotypic variation among individuals due to different genotypes

Answer 19

genetic variance

Question 20

phenotypic variation among individuals with the same genotype

Answer 20

environmental variance

Question 21

disease of the heart and associated blood vessels

Answer 21

cardiovascular disease

Question 22

systolic pressure that is consistently over 140 mm Hg and or diastolic pressure over 90mm Hg

Answer 22

essential hypertension

Question 23

the amount of similarity in phenotypes between individuals

Answer 23

concordance

Question 24

have a correlation coefficient of 1.0

Answer 24

monozygote twins

Question 25

have a correlation coefficient of .5

Answer 25

dizygote twins

Question 26

pressure of the systemic circuit when the ventricles are relaxed

Answer 26

diastolic pressure

Question 27

pressure of the systemic circuit when the ventricles are contracting

Answer 27

systolic pressure

Question 28

hormone produced by liver which controls the amount of salt and water reabsorbed into the blood by the kidney

Answer 28

angiotensinogen (AGT)

Question 29

build up of plaque along the walls of blood vessels resulting in decreased or stoppage of blood flow

Answer 29

arteriosclerosis

Question 30

caused by an imbalance of the amount of lipids and the breakdown and excretion of the lipids. results in an elevated level of cholesterol in the blood stream

Answer 30

Hypercholesterolemia

Question 31

pigment found within cells of the epidermis of the skin which determine skin hue

Answer 31

melanin

Question 32

type of melanin that is brown/black in color

Answer 32

Eumelanin

Question 33

type of melanin that is red/ yellow in color

Answer 33

pheomelanin

Question 34

composed of 40% cholesterol

Answer 34

low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

Question 35

composed of 20% cholesterol

Answer 35

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

Question 36

heart attack

Answer 36

myocardial infarctions

Question 37

has two types, one that is good and removes cholesterol laden molecules from the blood stream and one that does the same job, but can cause inflammation of the blood vessel lining

Answer 37

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

Question 38

carries cholesterol to tissues and organs

Answer 38

low density lipoprotein (LDL)

Question 39

“good cholesterol”

Answer 39

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

Question 40

“bad cholesterol”

Answer 40

low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

Question 41

results in a non functioning portion of the heart

Answer 41

myocardial infarction

Question 42

based heavily on reading, vocab, and problem solving

Answer 42

IQ and genes

Question 43

gene located on chromosome 6, associated with developmental dyslexia

Answer 43

omim 600202

Question 44

gene located on chromosome 4, associated with cognitive (reasoning) ability

Answer 44

omim 603783

Question 45

heritability of .6 to .8

Answer 45

Heritability of intelligence

Question 46

cells found within the epidermal skin layer that receive melanosomes from the melanin producing cells

Answer 46

keratinocytes (basal cell karalinocytes)

Question 47

number of these organelles found within specialized basal cells of the epidermal skin layer that determine skin color hue

Answer 47

melanosomes

Question 48

melanin producing cells of the skin

Answer 48

melanocytes

Question 49

organelles that produce and store melanin

Answer 49

melanosomes