Chapter 4

Question 1

Saturated organic molecule

Answer 1

Its saturated if it contains no double bonds or no rings

Question 2

Unsaturated organic molecule

Answer 2

Its unsaturated if it has at one double bond & at least one rings

Question 3

Degree of unsaturation formula

Answer 3

(2n+2)-x / 2 (x is the # of hydrogen and any monovalent atoms such as (F, Cl, Br, or I where they would replace an C & H) (n is the # of Cs)

Question 4

When a compound has 1 degree of unsarturation means what?

Answer 4

Has one double bond

Question 5

What is the hybridization of a linear geometry

Answer 5

Sp

Question 6

What is the hybridization of a trigonal planar geometry

Answer 6

Sp2

Question 7

What is the hybridization of a tetrahedral geometry

Answer 7

Sp3

Question 8

Carbocations are _____ hybridized with an empty p orbital

Answer 8

Sp2

Question 9

What are the two ways that organic intermediate are stabilized?

Answer 9

1. Inductive effect
2. Resonacne effect

Question 10

Inductive effect

Answer 10

Stabilize charge through sigma bonds

Question 11

Resonance effects

Answer 11

Stabilize charge by delocalization through pie bonds

Question 12

The stability of a molecule is __________ proportional to its reactivity

Answer 12

Inversely

Question 13

What is the order of stability for Carbocations?

Answer 13

Tertiary, secodary, primary, methyl (more stable to least)

Question 14

What is the stability of Caboanions?

Answer 14

Methyl, primary, secondary, tertiary (most stable to least)

Question 15

Electron-withdrawing groups

Answer 15

Pull electrons towards themselves (atoms that are more electronegative than carbon)

Question 16

Electron-donating groups

Answer 16

Donate (Push) electron density away from themselves through sigm abonds (atoms that are less electronegative than carbon)

Question 17

Alkyl substituents are always _________ groups

Answer 17

Electron donating groups

Question 18

Electron donating groups stabilizes the _________ & electron withdrawing groups stabilizes the _________

Answer 18

Carbocation, Carboanion

Question 19

When comparing the acidity of an organic molecule how do you determine which is more acidic?

Answer 19

Usually resonance structure one but think of ARIO (atoms with charge, resonance, induction effect, hybridization)

Question 20

Nucleophilicity

Answer 20

Is a measure of how “strong” a nucleophile is

Question 21

What are the rules for nucleophilicity?

Answer 21

1. Nucleophilicty increases as negative charge increases (NH2- more nucleophilic than NH3)
2. Nucleophilicity increases going down the periodic table within a particular group (I- more nucleophilic than Br-)(Related to polarizability)
3. Nucleophilicty increases going left in the periodic table across a particular period (ex. NH2- more nucleophilic than OH-)

Question 22

Strong bases are ______ leaving groups

Answer 22

Bad leaving groups (such as RO-, OH-, NH2-, etc)

Question 23

Halogens are _____ leaving groups

Answer 23

Good leaving groups

Question 24

How do you determine the hybridization?

Answer 24

Count the number of bonds around it & start from the S orbital & up to the highest which is sp3