Chapter 4 Flashcards
(24 cards)
Saturated organic molecule
Its saturated if it contains no double bonds or no rings
Unsaturated organic molecule
Its unsaturated if it has at one double bond & at least one rings
Degree of unsaturation formula
(2n+2)-x / 2 (x is the # of hydrogen and any monovalent atoms such as (F, Cl, Br, or I where they would replace an C & H) (n is the # of Cs)
When a compound has 1 degree of unsarturation means what?
Has one double bond
What is the hybridization of a linear geometry
Sp
What is the hybridization of a trigonal planar geometry
Sp2
What is the hybridization of a tetrahedral geometry
Sp3
Carbocations are _____ hybridized with an empty p orbital
Sp2
What are the two ways that organic intermediate are stabilized?
- Inductive effect
- Resonacne effect
Inductive effect
Stabilize charge through sigma bonds
Resonance effects
Stabilize charge by delocalization through pie bonds
The stability of a molecule is __________ proportional to its reactivity
Inversely
What is the order of stability for Carbocations?
Tertiary, secodary, primary, methyl (more stable to least)
What is the stability of Caboanions?
Methyl, primary, secondary, tertiary (most stable to least)
Electron-withdrawing groups
Pull electrons towards themselves (atoms that are more electronegative than carbon)
Electron-donating groups
Donate (Push) electron density away from themselves through sigm abonds (atoms that are less electronegative than carbon)
Alkyl substituents are always _________ groups
Electron donating groups
Electron donating groups stabilizes the _________ & electron withdrawing groups stabilizes the _________
Carbocation, Carboanion
When comparing the acidity of an organic molecule how do you determine which is more acidic?
Usually resonance structure one but think of ARIO (atoms with charge, resonance, induction effect, hybridization)
Nucleophilicity
Is a measure of how “strong” a nucleophile is
What are the rules for nucleophilicity?
- Nucleophilicty increases as negative charge increases (NH2- more nucleophilic than NH3)
- Nucleophilicity increases going down the periodic table within a particular group (I- more nucleophilic than Br-)(Related to polarizability)
- Nucleophilicty increases going left in the periodic table across a particular period (ex. NH2- more nucleophilic than OH-)
Strong bases are ______ leaving groups
Bad leaving groups (such as RO-, OH-, NH2-, etc)
Halogens are _____ leaving groups
Good leaving groups
How do you determine the hybridization?
Count the number of bonds around it & start from the S orbital & up to the highest which is sp3
