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Vertebrate Physiology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Define diffusion

A

Movement of particles from one location to another

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2
Q

Define flux

A

Amount of material crossing a surface in a unit of time

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3
Q

Net flux is greater on the side of the membrane

A

with higher concentration of solute

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4
Q

4 factors that influence net flux magnitude

A

Temperature, surface area, mass of molecule, medium

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5
Q

Define simple diffusion

A

Movement of solutes from one location to another due to their random thermal motion

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6
Q

Simple diffusion occurs through a medium such as

A

Air, water

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7
Q

Diffusion equilibrium means

A

Over time, solute will become evenly distributed

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8
Q

At diffusion equilibrium, net flux equals

A

Zero

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9
Q

For diffusion through the lipid bilayer, the hydrophobic interior

A

Limits diffusion rate

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10
Q

Diffusion through the lipid bilayer means

A

Passing through the membrane without any channels

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11
Q

Lipid soluble molecules diffuse through lipid bilayer

A

Rapidly and readily

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12
Q

Examples of molecules that diffuse readily

A

O2, CO2, N2, urea, fatty acids, steroids, alcohol

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13
Q

Polar and large molecules diffuse

A

Slowly and can be retained within the cell

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14
Q

Rate of movement depends upon

A

Permeability coefficients

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15
Q

Membranes effect on the rate of diffusion

A

1K to 1 M times slower than through the same layer of water

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16
Q

Ions that diffuse through channels

A

Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+

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17
Q

Exocrine glands release secretions into

A

Ducts

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18
Q

endocrine glands release secretions into

A

Blood capillaries into ISF

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19
Q

Merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine secretions are types of

A

Exocytosis via exocrine glands

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20
Q

Glands are

A

Groups of secretion-forming cells actively engaged in trans cellular movement of materials

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21
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

Entire cell becomes secretion (sebaceous glands) ex egg release

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22
Q

Merocrine secretion

A

Secretion released from vesicles (salivary glands)

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23
Q

Apocrine Secretion

A

Tip of cell becomes secretion

In groin/inguinal regions, not active until puberty

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24
Q

Apical

A

Luminal

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25
Q

Basolateral

A

Serosal

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26
Q

Basolateral membrane is near ____ and rests upon ____

A

Blood vessel network, basement membrane

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27
Q

Epithelial paracellular transport is limited by

A

Tight junctions, narrow passageway, and permeability varies

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28
Q

In Athsma and allergies

A

Damage to junctions and epithelial barrier allows pathogens access to restricted areas, sets off toxic cascade

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29
Q

Epithelial paracellular transport

A

Diffusion of substances between adjacent epithelial cells

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30
Q

Epithelial trans cellular transport

A

Substances move through apical or basal surface of cell, through cytosol, and exit on opposite surface

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31
Q

Opposite surfaces of epithelial cells have

A

Different concentration gradients

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32
Q

Na+ transport

A

Epithelial transcellular: active transport via Na+/K- ATPase pump on basal surface

Passive diffusion into cell on apical surface

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33
Q

Transepithelial osmosis

A

Movement of water can occur via osmosis as a result of solute concentration changes

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34
Q

When possible, water follows ___ which can cause _________________

A

Na+, large shifts of water in fluid compartments

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35
Q

Transcellular pathway of water diffusion

A

Aquaporins in the membrane

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36
Q

Paracellular pathway of water diffusion

A

Tight junctions between epithelial cells

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37
Q

Ion channels are

A

Integral membrane proteins (span membrane, simple donut ring or more complex structure)

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38
Q

Specificity is determined by

A

Pore size of the channel (small diameter blocks large molecules), charge (charged and polar surfaces of channel walls), and binding sites (# H2O molecules associated with diffusing ion)

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39
Q

Diffusion time increases in proportion to

A

Distance squared (D^2) that molecules diffuse

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40
Q

Diffusion is limited by

A

Distance

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41
Q

If a substance has to diffuse a long distance

A

It is very slow. Ineffective way to move solutes

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42
Q

Pneumonia

A

Lung inflammation/swelling means takes longer for gas to diffuse between alveolus and capillary

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43
Q

All cells have

A

Membrane potential/polarity difference

44
Q

Membrane potential is

A

Separation of electrical charges across membrane of all cells

+ external
- internal

Tends to drive + in cell and - out of cell

45
Q

Ionic movement (influx/efflux) is influenced by

A

Membrane potential and total concentration of charges (electrochemical gradient)

46
Q

Diffusion or movement of charges is a voltage (or EMF) measure in mV using

A

The Nernst Equation

47
Q

How is movement of ions across the PM regulated

A

Channel gating

48
Q

Conformational change via

A

Ligand voltage or mechanically regulated ion gates

49
Q

Permeability of the membrane directly related to

A

channels available per unit area membrane

Temperature

50
Q

Permeability of the membrane inversely related to

A

resistance of each channel

Mass of diffusing substance

51
Q

Increase in surface area means

A

Increase in diffusional rate and flux

52
Q

Passive transport

A

Particles diffuse from high to low concentration

53
Q

Net rate of diffusion proportional to

A

ECF concentration (Co) +/- ICF (Ci)

54
Q

Fick’s diffusion equation

A

F(J) = PA (Co +/- Ci)

F(J) = net flux
P = diffusion coefficient of substance moving through membrane
A = area
Co= ECF concentration
Ci = ICF

55
Q

Electrical potential difference

A

Electrical charge difference between ECF and ICF

56
Q

Mediated-transporter systems are mechanisms for

A

Solutes that are too large, too charged, or both (glucose)

57
Q

Protein transporters/carriers may be

A

Passive or active

58
Q

Tmax

A

Maximum flux, transporters saturated

59
Q

Transporters participate in

A

Facilitated diffusion, primary and secondary active

60
Q

Magnitude of flux determined by

A

Solute concentration
Affinity of transporter for solute
#transporters available
Rate of conformational change

61
Q

Affinity increased by

A

Increased specificity and increased electrical attraction

62
Q

Describe carrier mediated / facilitated diffusion

A

Ligand specific protein escorts substance through membrane

Substance binds to channel protein, conformation change

63
Q

Sweet smelling urine in diabetes because

A

Glucose exceeds Tmax, no more transport proteins available, excess glucose in blood stream and not enough in cells

64
Q

Simple diffusion flux determined by

A

Concentration gradient

65
Q

Facilitated diffusion maximal flux determined by

A

available transporters

66
Q

GLUTs (glucose transporter proteins) function

A

Uptake of insulin into insulin dependent tissues such as skeletal and cardiac muscle and adipose tissue

67
Q

GLUT1

A

Insulin independent

68
Q

GLUT4

A

Insulin dependent

69
Q

Secondary active transport indirectly uses ATP by

A

Using the energy created from an ion (electrochemical) gradient established by pumps

70
Q

Transporters are ATPases that

A

Break down ATP, self-phosphorylate, enable binding of solute

71
Q

Sodium pump is catalyzed by

A

Na+/K-ATPase

72
Q

Na/K pump moves

A

3 Na out
2 K in

73
Q

Movement of ions through pump fueled by

A

Hydrolysis of ATP

74
Q

Ca2+ ATPase function

A

Removes cytosolic calcium to maintain low intracellular Ca vs high Ca in ECF

75
Q

Ca homeostasis important to

A

Neurotransmitter release, skeletal muscle

76
Q

Secondary transporters have

A

Two or more binding sites

77
Q

Na concentrations extra and intra cellular

A

145 mM extra, 15 mM intra

78
Q

K concentrations

A

5 mM extra, 150 mM intra

79
Q

Osmosis driven by

A

Change in solute concentration on one side of membrane

80
Q

Where solute concentration is greatest, water concentration is

A

Less

81
Q

Addition of solute molecules to pure water

A

Lowers water concentration in solution

82
Q

Osmolarity

A

Total concentration of a solution

83
Q

Higher osmolarity

A

Lower water concentration

84
Q

Water moves into area with

A

Highest osmolarity / least number of water molecules

85
Q

Serum osmolarity

A

300 +/- 10 mOsm/L

86
Q

Osmolarity directly related to

A

Osmotic pressure

^ osmolarity ^ osmotic pressure ^ rate of osmosis

87
Q

Volume at equilibrium

A

Veq = Vor (Osm or / Osm eq)

88
Q

Tonicity refers to

A

Concentration of non penetrating solutes that must be assisted across the PM (trapped in ECF) such as Na and Cl

89
Q

Ionic composition of ICF and ECF

A

Na ECF 134-136 mmol/L
ICF 20 mmol/L
+53 mV
K ECF 3.8-5.4 mmol/L
ICF 150 mmol/L
-97 mV

90
Q

What determines movement of water across a cell membrane

A

Tonicity

91
Q

Isotonic

A

nonpen solutes in ECF = ICF

300 mOsm/L nonpen

92
Q

Hypotonic

A

Water influx into cell (cell expands)
Less nonpen solutes in ECF than ICF
<300 mOsm/L nonpen

93
Q

Hypertonic

A

water efflux out of cell (cell shrinks)
More nonpen solutes in ECF than ICF
>300 mOsm/L nonpen

94
Q

Osmolarity measures

A

Total solutes present (both pen and nonpen)

95
Q

Isosmotic

A

300 mOsm/L solute

96
Q

Hyperosmotic

A

> 300 mOsm/L

97
Q

Hypoosmostic

A

<300 mOsm/L

98
Q

Blood volume restored by

A

Infusing isotonic NaCl

More effective than isosmotic soln of pen solute bc would only partially restore blood volume as some solute enters cells so would water, increasing ICF of TBW

99
Q

Endocytosis ____ PM
Exocytosis ____ PM

A

Endocytosis removes PM
Exocytosis replenishes PM

100
Q

Endocytosis

A

Mvmt of molecules into cell via vesicles

101
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Fluid Endocytosis
PM invaginates and captures water + nonspecific dissolved substances into a vesicle

102
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Immune cell mediated specific Endocytosis where particles are engulfed by pseudopodia (cytoplasmic projections) with formation of phagosomes that fuse with lysosomes for enzymatic destruction

103
Q

Receptor mediated Endocytosis

A

Most specific mechanism
Ligands bind to membrane receptors at clathrin coated pits
Invaginates forming clathrin coated vesicles that move intracellularly
Ex. Cholesterol is removed from blood stream

104
Q

Potocytosis

A

Less specific than receptor-mediated
Modified Endocytosis
No fusing with lysosomes
No clathrin
Form caveolus

105
Q

Exocytosis

A

Replenishes membrane
Mechanism to secrete large substances from cell
Usually triggered due to calcium influx

Vertebrate Physiology (2 decks)

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