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General Psychology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

A

developmental psychology

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2
Q

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division into an embryo

A

zygote

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3
Q

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

A

embryo

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4
Q

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

A

fetus

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5
Q

“monster maker” agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

A

teratogens

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6
Q

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

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7
Q

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

A

habituation

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8
Q

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

A

maturation

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9
Q

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

A

critical period

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10
Q

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

A

cognition

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11
Q

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

A

schema

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12
Q

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

A

assimilation

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13
Q

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

A

accomodation

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14
Q

in Piaget’s theory, the stage from birth to nearly 2 years of age during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

A

sensorimotor stage

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15
Q

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not percieved

A

object performance

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16
Q

in Piaget’s theory, the stage from about 2 to 6/7 years of age during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

A

pre-operational stage

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17
Q

the principle which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operation reasoning that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

A

conservation

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18
Q

in Piaget’s theory, the pre-operational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

A

egocentrism

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19
Q

people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

A

theory of mind

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20
Q

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development from about 7 to 11 years of age during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

A

concrete operational stage

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21
Q

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development normally beginning at about age 12 during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

A

formal operational stage

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22
Q

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

A

autism spectrum disorder

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23
Q

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

A

stranger anxiety

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24
Q

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

A

attachment

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25
Q

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life

A

imprinting

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26
Q

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

A

temperament

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27
Q

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

A

basic trust

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28
Q

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

A

adolescence

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29
Q

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

A

puberty

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30
Q

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

A

indentity

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31
Q

the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships

A

social identity

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32
Q

in Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood

A

intimacy

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33
Q

a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults

A

emerging adulthood

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34
Q

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

A

menopause

35
Q

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

A

cross-sectional study

36
Q

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

A

longitudinal study

37
Q

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

A

social clock

38
Q

Is development a gradual, slow, continuous process? Or does development occur through stages?

A

Continuity vs Stages

39
Q

the fetus has a chance of survival outside of the uterus (24 weeks)

A

Age of Viability

40
Q

FASD

A

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

41
Q

unlearned responses triggered by specific stimuli

A

reflexes

42
Q

baby’s foot will fanout when stroked from heal to toe

A

Babinski Reflex

43
Q

baby abruptly throws arms out and in

A

Moro Reflex

44
Q

when cheek is stroked, baby turns head towards stroke

A

Rooting Reflex

45
Q

baby will suck an object placed in its mouth

A

Sucking Reflex

46
Q

baby will grasp object when placed in the palm of their hand

A

Palmer Reflex

47
Q

when held upright and moved forward, baby will step rhythmically

A

Stepping Reflex

48
Q

What stage is stranger anxiety associated with?

A

Sensorimotor

49
Q

Experiencing the world through senses and actions is what stage of Piaget’s

A

Sensorimotor

50
Q

pretend play is assoicated with which of Piaget’s stages

A

Preoperational

51
Q

egocentricism is associated with which of Piaget’s stages

A

Preoperational

52
Q

Representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning is which of Piaget’s stages

A

Preoperational

53
Q

conservation is associated with which of Piaget’s stagaes

A

concrete operational

54
Q

thinking logically about concrete events is which of Piaget’s stages

A

concrete operational

55
Q

abstract logic is associated with which of Piaget’s stages

A

formal operational

56
Q

Which psychologist studied how children think and learn via their social environment

A

Lev Vygotsky

57
Q

muttering to self while solving a problem

A

Inner Speech

58
Q

helps children control behavior and emotions, and master new skills

A

Self-Taught

59
Q

a powerful survival impulse keeping infants close to their caregivers

A

Attachment

60
Q

examined imprinting (ducklings!)

A

Konrad Lorenze

61
Q

which psychologist conducted the strange situation experiment

A

Mary Ainsworth

62
Q

parents impose rules and expect obedience

A

Authoritarian

63
Q

parents make few demands and little punishments

A

permissive

64
Q

parents are demanding yet responsive. they’re open to discussion and allow exceptiosn

A

Authoritative

65
Q

children with these types of parents have less social skills and low self esteem

A

authoritarian

66
Q

children with this type of parent is more likely to be aggressive and immature

A

permissive

67
Q

children with this type of parent have high self esteem, are self reliant, and socially competent

A

Authoritative

68
Q

this psychologist focused on the development of moral resoning

A

Lawrence Kohlberg

69
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust is what ages of Erikson’s stages

A

0-1

70
Q

Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt is what age of Erikson’s chart

A

1-3

71
Q

Initiative vs Guilt is what age of Erikson’s chart

A

3-6

72
Q

Competence vs Inferiority is what age of Erikson’s chart

A

6-11

73
Q

Identity vs Role Confusion is what age on Erikson’s chart

A

12-20

74
Q

Intimacy vs Isolation is what age on Erikson’s chart

A

20-40

75
Q

Generativity vs Stagnation is what age on Erikson’s chart

A

40-60

76
Q

Integrity vs Despair is what age on Erikson’s chart

A

60+

77
Q

if needs are met, infants develop trust (think Erikson)

A

Trust vs Mistrust

78
Q

Independence within limits (think Erikson)

A

Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt

79
Q

Try new things and handle failure (think Erikson)

A

Initiative vs Guilt

80
Q

apply self to tasks or feel inadequate (think Erikson)

A

Competence vs Inferiority

81
Q

form sense of self or become confused (think Erikson)

A

Identity vs Role Confusion

82
Q

Develops close relationships (think Erikson)

A

Intimacy vs Isolation

83
Q

contribute to the world through work, family, church, etc (think Erikson)

A

Generativity vs Stagnation

84
Q

reflect on life with satisfaction or regrets (think Erikson)

A

Integrity vs Despair

General Psychology (2 decks)

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