Chapter 4 Flashcards
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
developmental psychology
the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division into an embryo
zygote
the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
embryo
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
fetus
“monster maker” agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
teratogens
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features
fetal alcohol syndrome
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner
habituation
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
maturation
an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development
critical period
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
cognition
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
schema
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
assimilation
adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
accomodation
in Piaget’s theory, the stage from birth to nearly 2 years of age during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
sensorimotor stage
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not percieved
object performance
in Piaget’s theory, the stage from about 2 to 6/7 years of age during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
pre-operational stage
the principle which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operation reasoning that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
conservation
in Piaget’s theory, the pre-operational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view
egocentrism
people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict
theory of mind
in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development from about 7 to 11 years of age during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
concrete operational stage
in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development normally beginning at about age 12 during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
formal operational stage
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors
autism spectrum disorder
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
stranger anxiety
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
attachment
the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life
imprinting
a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
temperament
according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
basic trust
the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
adolescence
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
puberty
our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
indentity
the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships
social identity
in Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood
intimacy
a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults
emerging adulthood
the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
menopause
a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
cross-sectional study
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
longitudinal study
the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
social clock
Is development a gradual, slow, continuous process? Or does development occur through stages?
Continuity vs Stages
the fetus has a chance of survival outside of the uterus (24 weeks)
Age of Viability
FASD
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
unlearned responses triggered by specific stimuli
reflexes
baby’s foot will fanout when stroked from heal to toe
Babinski Reflex
baby abruptly throws arms out and in
Moro Reflex
when cheek is stroked, baby turns head towards stroke
Rooting Reflex
baby will suck an object placed in its mouth
Sucking Reflex
baby will grasp object when placed in the palm of their hand
Palmer Reflex
when held upright and moved forward, baby will step rhythmically
Stepping Reflex
What stage is stranger anxiety associated with?
Sensorimotor
Experiencing the world through senses and actions is what stage of Piaget’s
Sensorimotor
pretend play is assoicated with which of Piaget’s stages
Preoperational
egocentricism is associated with which of Piaget’s stages
Preoperational
Representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning is which of Piaget’s stages
Preoperational
conservation is associated with which of Piaget’s stagaes
concrete operational
thinking logically about concrete events is which of Piaget’s stages
concrete operational
abstract logic is associated with which of Piaget’s stages
formal operational
Which psychologist studied how children think and learn via their social environment
Lev Vygotsky
muttering to self while solving a problem
Inner Speech
helps children control behavior and emotions, and master new skills
Self-Taught
a powerful survival impulse keeping infants close to their caregivers
Attachment
examined imprinting (ducklings!)
Konrad Lorenze
which psychologist conducted the strange situation experiment
Mary Ainsworth
parents impose rules and expect obedience
Authoritarian
parents make few demands and little punishments
permissive
parents are demanding yet responsive. they’re open to discussion and allow exceptiosn
Authoritative
children with these types of parents have less social skills and low self esteem
authoritarian
children with this type of parent is more likely to be aggressive and immature
permissive
children with this type of parent have high self esteem, are self reliant, and socially competent
Authoritative
this psychologist focused on the development of moral resoning
Lawrence Kohlberg
Trust vs. Mistrust is what ages of Erikson’s stages
0-1
Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt is what age of Erikson’s chart
1-3
Initiative vs Guilt is what age of Erikson’s chart
3-6
Competence vs Inferiority is what age of Erikson’s chart
6-11
Identity vs Role Confusion is what age on Erikson’s chart
12-20
Intimacy vs Isolation is what age on Erikson’s chart
20-40
Generativity vs Stagnation is what age on Erikson’s chart
40-60
Integrity vs Despair is what age on Erikson’s chart
60+
if needs are met, infants develop trust (think Erikson)
Trust vs Mistrust
Independence within limits (think Erikson)
Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
Try new things and handle failure (think Erikson)
Initiative vs Guilt
apply self to tasks or feel inadequate (think Erikson)
Competence vs Inferiority
form sense of self or become confused (think Erikson)
Identity vs Role Confusion
Develops close relationships (think Erikson)
Intimacy vs Isolation
contribute to the world through work, family, church, etc (think Erikson)
Generativity vs Stagnation
reflect on life with satisfaction or regrets (think Erikson)
Integrity vs Despair
