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Nutrition Unit 1 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 main tissue types in the body

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. nervous
  4. muscular
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2
Q

what tissue lines the digestive tract

A

epithelial

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3
Q

what is digestion (mechanical and chemical)

A

the mechanical or chemical breakdown of large ingested molecules into small (microscopic) absorbable molecules

mechanical = chewing, muscle movements of the tract

chemical = hydrolysis, enzyme breakdown

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4
Q

what is absorption

A

the passage of digested molecules across the digestive tract into the inside of the body

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5
Q

what is the difference between digestion and absorption

A

digestion is the PROCESS of breaking foods into their building blocks by mechanical or chemical processes while absorption is the ASSIMILATION of nutrients into the bloodstream

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6
Q

why is the GI tract an important rule in immunity?
and where do digestion and absorption occur?

A

the tube from the mouth to the anus is EXTERNAL to the human body UNTIL it is absorbed

think of the body as a DONUT

it is important from an immune perspective as pathogens (bacteria, viruses, and fungi) are kept “outside” while traveling through the GI tract

digestion occurs WITHIN the tube

absorption occurs ACROSS the tube

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7
Q

what is the flow of digestion

A
  1. pre-ingestion (marinating, tenderizing, etc)
  2. mouth
  3. esophagus
  4. stomach
  5. small intestine and accessory organs (liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
  6. large intestine
  7. rectum
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8
Q

what are the functions of the mouth and salivary glands

A
  1. prepare food for swallowing: chewing, moistening with saliva
  2. detect taste molecules
  3. START digestion of starch with AMYLASE enzyme
  4. START digestion of fat with LIPASE
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9
Q

what are the functions of the esophagus

A

moves food to stomach by peristaltic waves initiated by swallowing

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10
Q

what are the functions of the stomach

A
  1. secrets gastric juice containing acid, enzymes, hormones
  2. mixes food with gastric juice, converting it to liquid chyme
  3. STARTS digestion of PROTEIN and FAT
  4. kills microorganisms with acid
  5. secretes intrinsic factor, a protein required for vitamin B12 absorption
  6. slowly releases chyme into small intestine
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11
Q

what is the function of the liver

A

produces bile to aid FAT digestion AND absorption

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12
Q

what is the function of the gallbladder

A

stores and concentrates bile and releases it into the small intestine

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13
Q

what is the function of the pancreas

A

secretes pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine

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14
Q

what are the functions of the small intestine

A
  1. mixes chyme with bile and pancreatic juice to COMPLETE digestion
  2. secretes hormones that help regulate digestive processes
  3. secretes digestive enzymes
  4. absorbs nutrients and other compounds in foods
  5. transports remaining residue to large intestine
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15
Q

what are the functions of the large intestine (colon)

A
  1. absorbs water and electrolytes (sodium and potassium)
  2. forms and stores feces
  3. houses most of the gut microbiota
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16
Q

what is the function of the rectum

A

holds and expels feces via the anus

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17
Q

where are carbs digested

A

the mouth

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18
Q

where are carbs absorbed

A

small intestine

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19
Q

what enzyme digests carbs

A

amylase

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20
Q

where are fats digested and by what enzyme

A

small intestine and by lipase

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21
Q

where are proteins digested and by what enzyme

A

stomach and by pepsin

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22
Q

what is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion

A

mechanic digestion refers to the process of PHYSICAL breakdown of foods into smaller particles

chemical digestion refers to the process of CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN of foods especially by the enzymes into smaller substances that can be absorbed

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23
Q

where do we see chemical digestion

A

in the mouth (salivary enzymes and water)

in the stomach (stomach enzymes and water)

small intestine (intestinal enzymes, accessory organ enzymes and water)

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24
Q

where do we see mechanical digestion

A

the mouth (chewing)

esophagus (minimal, via peristalsis)

in the stomach (mixing)

small intestine (mixing and peristalsis)

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25
what is bolus and where is it formed
bolus is the food chewed up, and is formed in the mouth then is swallowed
26
what is chyme and where is it formed
food after it becomes a liquid substance in the stomach
27
why do secretions need to be tightly regulated
stomach acid (HCL) will digest the stomach lining protein digesting enzyme could target body proteins if not controlled basically to prevent the body from degrading the useful and necessary parts of itself
28
why do enzymes need to be tightly controlled?
enzymes break down fats and some proteins and human cell walls are made of fats and proteins basically to protect the body’s necessary parts
29
what is an enzyme
a protein that helps speed up chemical reactions
30
what is the first sphincter, where is it located, and what is it’s function
lower esophageal sphincter at the end of the esophagus and into the stomach prevents back flow (reflux) of stomach contents back into esophagus
31
what is the second sphincter, where is it located, and what is its function
pyloric sphincter at the end of the stomach into the small intestine controls the flow of stomach contents into the small intestine
32
what is the third sphincter, where is it located, and what is its function
hepatopancreatic sphincter (aka sphincter of Oddi) controls where accessory organs dump into the small intestine from told the flow i’d bile abs pancreatic juice from the common bile and pancreatic ducts into the small intestine
33
what is the fourth sphincter, where is it located, and what is its function
illeocecal sphincter at the end of the small intestine into the large intestine prevents the contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine
34
what is the fifth and final sphincter, where is located and what is its function
anal sphincters (internal and external) at the end of the anus to the outside of the body prevents defecation until person desires to do so (external is controlled voluntarily & internal is involuntarily controlled)
35
what condition can result if the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes/malfunctions?
GERD (gastroesophegeal reflux disease) where the contents of the stomach flow back into the esophagus AKA heartburn can happen from large meals, caffeinated drinks, fatty and fried foods, garlic, spicy foods and tomato based foods
36
what are the 3 GI motilities
peristalsis mass movements segmentation
37
what is peristalsis and what does it do
coordinated waves of contraction and relaxation of the muscles in the lining of the GI tract it propels food through most frequent in the small intestine
38
what is mass movement
large peristaltic waves occur a few times a day the feelings we get when you have to fart. you feel it moving in your stomach
39
what is segmentation and where does it occur
back and forth movements for mixing like “kneading” occurs in the small intestine
40
what is olfactory and why is it important in digestion
the sense of smell important in digestion because it stimulates salivary glands and other digestive processes
41
what is saliva
watery substance made by salivary glands in the mouth contains lubricants, enzymes, and lysozymes
42
what is mucus
thick substance made by mucous glands throughout the GI tract
43
what reactions are most digestion reactions
hydrolysis reactions
44
what are the bodies 7 secretions
1. saliva 2. mucus 3. enzymes (lipase, protease, amylase) 4. acid (HCL) 5. bile 6. bicarbonate 7. hormones
45
what ENZYMES play a role in digestion and absorption, where is their site of production, and what is their function
amylase - mouth, S.I, pancreas - break down carbohydrates enough for absorption lipase - mouth, S.I, pancreas - break down fats protease - stomach, S.I, pancreas - breaks down proteins
46
where is the secretion saliva produced and what is its function
in the mouth dissolves taste forming compounds; contains many compounds that aid swallowing, digestion, and protection of teeth
47
where is the secretion mucus produced and what is its function
mouth, stomach, S.I., & L.I. protects GI tract cells, lubricates digesting food
48
where is the secretion acid HCL produced and what is its function
stomach promotes digestion of protein, destroys microorganisms, increases solubility of minerals
49
where is the secretion bile produced and what is its function
liver (stored in the gallbladder) aids in fat digestion (emulsifies fat)
50
where is the secretion bicarbonate produced and what is its function
pancreas, S.I neutralizes stomach acid when it reaches small intestine
51
where is the secretion hormones produced and what is its function
stomach, S.I, pancreas regular food intake, digestion, and absorption
52
what is trypsin
a digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins in the small intestine. it is secreted by the pancreas
53
HCL and pepsin both do what
denature proteins
54
what are the 5 GI hormones that control digestion
1. gastrin 2. secretin 3. cholecystokinin (CCK) 4. somatostatin 5. glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide
55
what is the function of the gastrin hormone
stimulates HCL and pepsinogen stimulates gastric and intestinal motility
56
what is pepsinogen
a substance which is secreted by the stomach wall and converted into the enzyme PEPSIN by gastric acid
57
what is the function of the secretin hormone
stimulates release of pancreatic bicarbonate in response to acidic chyme in the small intestine
58
what is the function of the hormone cholecystokinin
stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile from the gallbladder in response to fat in the chyme
59
what is the function of the hormone somatostatin
inhibits release of GI hormones (growth hormone, insulin, and gastrin) slows gastric emptying, GI motility, and blood flow to the intestine
60
what is the function of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide
inhibits gastric acid secretion stimulates insulin release
61
what are the 3 accessory organs
liver gallbladder pancreas
62
where does the majority of digestion take place
small intestine because the pancreas and small intestine produce most of the digestive enzymes used in the body
63
what does flavor consist of?
taste, smell and texture
64
what are the 5 taste sensations
sweet salty sour butter umami = savory & rich (bbq sauce)
65
what is intrinsic factor
a substance secreted by the STOMACH which enables the body to absorb vitamin B12 vitamin B12 is ONLY found in animal products so vegans should be taking a B12 supplement
66
what are enterocytes and how long do they live
a cell of the intestinal lining the entire supply is replaced every 2-5 days
67
what are villi and microvilli and their function
small finger like projections located in the walls of the small intestine to increase the surface area in order to maximize the absorption of digested food
68
why are enterocytes affected by chemotherapy
69
what are the 3 segments of the small intestine and where does bile and pancreatic enzymes enter the S.I?
1st = duodenum also where bile and P.E enter 2nd = jejunum 3rd = ileum
70
what are prebiotics and examples
a NON digestible carbohydrate that promotes growth of beneficial microorganisms in the large intestine they act as food for probiotics examples: wheat, onions, garlic, asparagus and bananas
71
what are probiotics
a microorganism introduced into the body for its beneficial qualities beneficial bacteria
72
what are the top 8 common food allergies
1. milk 2. wheat 3. soy 4. eggs 5. fish 6. shellfish 7. peanuts 8. tree nuts
73
what is heartburn
has nothing to do with the heart occasional reflux
74
what is GERD
heartburn twice a week or more occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes or malfunctions and lets contents of the stomach flow back into the esophagus
75
what are ulcers and it’s symptoms
erosion of the top layer of cells in the lining of the GI tract can cause bleeding and even death symptoms = burning pain the stomach most often happens between meals or during the night
76
what are gallstones
abnormal stone like mass usually of undissolved cholesterol formed in the gallbladder can be small as a grain of sand or as big as a golf ball
77
what are food intolerances
the inability to DIGEST a food mainly caused by a deficiency in a digestive enzyme associated with the GI tract
78
what are food allergies
an IMMUNE response, often in small amounts and can be quite severe rash, loose stools
79
what is celiac disease
immune response to ingested gluten propel with this disease that consume gluten damages the intestinal villi
80
what is IBS?
irritable bowel SYNDROME irregular bowel function (diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain) cause is unknown - can be stress or dietary intolerances
81
what is IBD and what other diseases does it associate with
irritable bowel disease group of serious chronic intestinal diseases 1. ulcerative colitis = the inflammation and ulceration in the innermost layer of the large intestine 2. Crohn’s disease = can affect ANY part of the GI tract. the inflammation and ulceration that extends through ALL layers and not just the innermost (like ulcerative colitis)
82
what are hemorrhoids
AKA piles swollen veins in the rectum and anus often associated with obesity and constipation
83
what is gluten
a substance responsible for the elastic texture of dough a mixture of 2 proteins
84
what is the difference between celiac disease and gluten intolerance
celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder and gluten intolerance is a sensitivity

Nutrition Unit 1 (3 decks)

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