Chapter 4 Flashcards
anxiety- pg 148 and possibly onwards
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irene and gad pg 155 and onwards
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panic disorder and agoraphobia- pg 156 and onwards
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do panic disorder and agoraphobia always go together
no
To meet criteria for panic disorder, a person
must
experience an unexpected panic attack and develop
substantial anxiety over the possibility of having another
attack or about the implications of the attack or its consequences. In other words, the person must think that each
attack is a sign of impending death or incapacitation. A few
individuals do not report concern about another attack but
still change their behavior in a way that indicates the distress the attacks cause them. They may avoid going to certain places or neglect their duties around the house for fear
an attack might occur if they are too active
The term agoraphobia was coined in 1871 by Karl
Westphal, a German physician, and, in the original Greek,
refers to fear of
the marketplace. This is an appropriate
term because the agora, the Greek marketplace, was a busy,
bustling area. One of the most stressful places for individuals with agoraphobia today is the shopping mall, the
modern-day agora.
Most agoraphobic avoidance behavior is simply a complication of
severe, unexpected panic attacks (Barlow, 2002;
Craske & Barlow, 1988; Craske & Barlow, 2014). Simply put,
if you have had unexpected panic attacks and are afraid you
may have another one, you want to be in a safe place or at
least with a safe person who knows what you are experiencing if another attack occurs so that you can quickly get to a
hospital or at least go into your bedroom and lie down (the
home is usually a safe place). We know that anxiety is diminished for individuals with agoraphobia if they think a location
or person is “safe,” even if there is nothing effective the person could do if something bad did happen. For these reasons,
when they do venture outside their homes, people with agoraphobia always plan for rapid escape (for example, by sitting
near the door). A list of typical situations commonly avoided
by someone with agoraphobia is found in Table 4.1
M. Agoraphobic avoidance seems to be
determined for the most part by
the extent to which you
think or expect you might have another attack rather than by how many attacks you actually have or how severe they
are. Thus, agoraphobic avoidance is simply one way of coping with unexpected panic attacks.
phobias pg 164
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also they start here but they do continue for some pages after
once a phobia develops,
it tends to last a lifetime (run a chronic course) ; thus, the issue
of treatment, described shortly, becomes important
direct experience is one way of developing a phobia, and there are at least three others
This is one way of developing a
phobia, and there are at least three others: experiencing a
false alarm (panic attack) in a specific situation, observing
someone else experience severe fear (vicarious experience),
or, under the right conditions, being told about danger.
direct experience causing a phobia
For a long time, we thought that most specific phobias began with an unusual traumatic event. For example, if you
were bitten by a dog, you would develop a phobia of dogs.
We now know this is not always the case (Barlow, 2002;
Craske et al., 2006). This is not to say that traumatic conditioning experiences do not result in subsequent phobic behavior. Almost every person with a choking phobia has had
some kind of a choking experience. An individual with
claustrophobia who recently came to our clinic reported
being trapped in an elevator for an extraordinarily long
period. These are examples of phobias acquired by direct
experience, where real danger or pain results in an alarm
response (a true alarm)
other methods of getting a phobia pg 168
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separation anxiety pg number
pg 168 or 169 and continues
social anxiety disorder also called social phobia pg 170
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