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Psyco 239 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder is based on?

A

The occurence of one or more major depressive episodes in the absence of history of manic and hypomanic episodes

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2
Q

Two things a person experiences during a major depressive episode

A

Depressed Mood

Loss of interest or pleasure in all activities for two weeks

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3
Q

What bodily changes may happen during depression

A 
poor appetite
Huge weight changes
Physically agitated 
Slowing down of motor activity 
Loss of interests
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4
Q

Why do many people remain untreated with depression

A

Stigmas around it,

“shake it off” or snap out of it mentality

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5
Q

% of Canadian adults experience Depressive disorder

A

11

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6
Q

Why do high incomes countries have higher rates of depression

A

Theory si that higher income countries reflect greater social inequalities

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7
Q

What can major depression be accomponied by

A

Delusions and psychotic features

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8
Q

How long does Major depressive disorder last

A

Usually for six months or longer possibly two more years

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9
Q

How many people with major depression have repeated occurences

A

50%

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10
Q

Aged 12-17 how many have depression

A

5% girls

2.8% boys

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11
Q

What is adolescent depression associated with?

A

Increased risk of future major depressive episodes and suicide attempts

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12
Q

What skills may children with depression lack

A

Academic performance Social acceptance, Athletic performance

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13
Q

How does depression in children occur

A
  • rarely on their own
  • Children will experience other psychological disorders, such as anxiety disorders, conduct or oppositional defiant disorders
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14
Q

What is important to consider with Depressed children

A

They may fail to label there feeling as depression

Making diagnosis more difficult as they may not report there emotions correctly

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15
Q

What age do children learn to recognize internal feelings

A

age 7 and up

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16
Q

What is Major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern

A

Major depression that happens seasonally

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17
Q

Main features of Seasonal affective disorder

A
  • fatigue
  • Excessive sleep
  • Craving for Carbohydrates
  • Weight gain
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18
Q

Who does Seasonal Affective disorder tend to impact more

A

Women

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19
Q

What can treat Seasonal affective disorder

A

Phototherapy

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20
Q

What is phototherapy

A

Light intense therapy that helps relieve depression

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21
Q

Major depression with peripartum onset

A

Postpartum depression lasts a couple days

Response to hormonal changes after childbrirth

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22
Q

Major depressive disorder peripartum onset

A

When post partum depression persists for months or longer then a year

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23
Q

MDD with peripartum onset is associated with?

A

Disturbance in sleep or appetite
low self esteem
difficulty maintaining concentration

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24
Q

How long does MDD with peripartum onset last

A

first 3 months after child birth usually

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25
Q

What else can contribute to the depression after childbirth

A 
psychosocial problems
troubled marriage
lack of social or emotional support
History of depression
Unwanted baby or sick baby
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26
Q

Major depression risk factors

A

Socioeconomic status, marital status

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27
Q

Who is more likely to distract themselves during depression

A

men

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28
Q

Who is more likely to amplify there depression

A

women

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29
Q

Persistent depressive disorder

A

Chronic depression that last for atleast two years

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30
Q

People with persistent depressive order may have

A

Chronic depression or dysthymia

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31
Q

dythymia

A

milder form of depression

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32
Q

how do people with dysthymia feel

A

“down in the dumps”
“bad spirited”

Not as severe as MDD

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33
Q

Two types of Bipolar disorders

A

Type 1
Type 2
Cyclothymic Disorder

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34
Q

Bipolar 1 disorder essential feature

A

Manic episodes

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35
Q

Mixed type Bipolar disorder 1

A

manic episode and and a major depressive episode

36
Q

Manic episode

A

Periods of Mania
Sudden elevation of mood and feels unusually cheerful, euphoric or optimistic

Show poor judgment and become argumentative

Become too generous

Unable to sit or sleep restfully

Abundent amount of energy may not need sleep for days

Infalted self esteem

37
Q

Bipolar 2 disorder associated with

A

Hypomania a milder form of mania

38
Q

Hypomanic episodes people may feel

A

Inflated self esteem
Unusually charged with energy and alert
More restless and irritable

39
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A

chronic cyclica patter of mood disturbances, characterized by mild mood swings of at least two years

40
Q

Which type of symptoms are in cyclothymic disorder

A

hypomanic symptoms that are not severe enough to meet the criteria for a hypomanic episode
Numerous mild depressive symptoms

41
Q

When do cyclothymic disorders begin

A

Early adulthood or late adolesence

42
Q

How long does cyclothymic disorder persist

A

for years

43
Q

Ambivalent feelings

A

combination of positive and negative feelings

44
Q

What did freud theorize?

A

When people lose something, they feel ambivalent to there anger turns to rage which turns to an inward anger since the person is no longer there to let rage out

45
Q

How does psychodynamic perspective view bipolar disorders

A

super ego and ego are in a clash to become dominant

Mood swings happen when one becomes dominant

46
Q

Self focusing model

A

considers how people allocate their attentional processes after a loss

47
Q

According to the self focusing model

A

Depression prone people experience a period of intense self examination follow major loss or disappointment and lose hope

48
Q

Cognitive triad of depression

A

negative beliefs about yourself, environment and future

49
Q

cognitive schemas

A

mental templates that include negative concepts of the self world and world

50
Q

Cognitive distortions

A

Tendency to magnify importance of minor failures

51
Q

All or nothing thinking

A

Seeing events as either all good or all bad

52
Q

Overgeneralization

A

Believing that if a negative event occurs it is likelu to occur again in similar suituations

53
Q

Mental filter

A

Focusing only negative details of life

54
Q

Disqualifying the positive

A

Tendency to to deny victories

55
Q

Jumpting to conclusions

A

Forming a negative interpretation of events without evidence

56
Q

Magnification and minimization

A

Exaggerate importance of negative events

underestimate good ones

57
Q

Emontional reasoning

A

Basing reasons on emotions

58
Q

Should statements

A

creating unrealistic expectations

59
Q

Labelling and mislabelling

A

Explaining outcomes or behaviour with negative labels on yourself

60
Q

Personalization

A

Tendency to assume you are the person responsible for other peoples problems

61
Q

Distorted thinking tends to be

A

automatic

62
Q

Problem with becks theory

A

Cant say for sure that negative thinking causes depression or the other way around

63
Q

Learned helpessness model

A

People may become depressed because they learn to view themselves as helpess to control the reinforcements in their envionrments

64
Q

What does the Learned helpless ness model fail to account

A

The low self-esteem typical of people who are depressed

and it could not explain variations in the persistence of depression

65
Q

Internal attribution

A

Blame oursleves

66
Q

External attribution

A

Blame circumstances

67
Q

Stable attribution

A

See bad experiences as typical events

68
Q

Unstable attribution

A

See bad experiences as isolated incidents

69
Q

Global attribution

A

See bad events as broad problems

70
Q

Specific attribution

A

see bad events as evidence of specific short comings

71
Q

Reformulated helplessness theory

A

People who explain the causes of negative events under internal factors, global factors and stable factors are more vulnerable to depression

72
Q

Psychodynamic approach to Depression

A

Gain understanding of ambivalent feelings toward important people and have patient verbally express them to release anger

73
Q

How is traditional psychoanalysis different then modern?

A

Modern pscyhoanalysis is more direct, more bried and focus on present conflicts aswell

74
Q

Eclectic pschodynamic therapsits

A

use behavioural methods to help clients aquire social skills they need

75
Q

Interposnal psychotherapy

A

A psychodynamic therapy that aids in resolving interpersonal relationships

Effective treatment for maor depression and other disorders such as depressive disorder and bulimia

76
Q

How does interpersonal psychotherapy work?

A

therapist helps clients express grief and come to terms with their loss while assisting them in developing new activities and relationships

Also aids helping client identify conflict in current relationships

77
Q

Cognitive therapy

A

Helping with depression recognize and change their dysfucntional thinking

brief

78
Q

Selective abstraction

A

Tendency to judge oneself entirely on a flaw or weakness

79
Q

Mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is helpful in?

A

Helping in preventing relapse

80
Q

How does MBCT work

A

group based psychosocial intervention that involves training the person in meditation and increase awareness in the present

teaches to observe unwanted thoughts

81
Q

CBT is helpful in?

A

treating depression in childhood and adolescence

82
Q

Learning perspective on suicide

A

People who threatent suicide may be looking for sympathy once gained they may threaten again more strongly

the sympathy gained is a reinforcer

83
Q

Social cognitive theory on suicide

A

People who kill themselves may expect there deaths to be eulgoized or that survivors will feel guilty

Suicide represnts a desperate attempt to deal with their problems

84
Q

Social contagion

A

Spreading of suicide in a community

85
Q

Biological factors of suicide

A

Reduced serotonin may impact suicide and depression

Genetic factors

Psyco 239 (1 decks)

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