Chapter 4 Flashcards
Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder is based on?
The occurence of one or more major depressive episodes in the absence of history of manic and hypomanic episodes
Two things a person experiences during a major depressive episode
Depressed Mood
Loss of interest or pleasure in all activities for two weeks
What bodily changes may happen during depression
poor appetite Huge weight changes Physically agitated Slowing down of motor activity Loss of interests
Why do many people remain untreated with depression
Stigmas around it,
“shake it off” or snap out of it mentality
% of Canadian adults experience Depressive disorder
11
Why do high incomes countries have higher rates of depression
Theory si that higher income countries reflect greater social inequalities
What can major depression be accomponied by
Delusions and psychotic features
How long does Major depressive disorder last
Usually for six months or longer possibly two more years
How many people with major depression have repeated occurences
50%
Aged 12-17 how many have depression
5% girls
2.8% boys
What is adolescent depression associated with?
Increased risk of future major depressive episodes and suicide attempts
What skills may children with depression lack
Academic performance Social acceptance, Athletic performance
How does depression in children occur
- rarely on their own
- Children will experience other psychological disorders, such as anxiety disorders, conduct or oppositional defiant disorders
What is important to consider with Depressed children
They may fail to label there feeling as depression
Making diagnosis more difficult as they may not report there emotions correctly
What age do children learn to recognize internal feelings
age 7 and up
What is Major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern
Major depression that happens seasonally
Main features of Seasonal affective disorder
- fatigue
- Excessive sleep
- Craving for Carbohydrates
- Weight gain
Who does Seasonal Affective disorder tend to impact more
Women
What can treat Seasonal affective disorder
Phototherapy
What is phototherapy
Light intense therapy that helps relieve depression
Major depression with peripartum onset
Postpartum depression lasts a couple days
Response to hormonal changes after childbrirth
Major depressive disorder peripartum onset
When post partum depression persists for months or longer then a year
MDD with peripartum onset is associated with?
Disturbance in sleep or appetite
low self esteem
difficulty maintaining concentration
How long does MDD with peripartum onset last
first 3 months after child birth usually
What else can contribute to the depression after childbirth
psychosocial problems troubled marriage lack of social or emotional support History of depression Unwanted baby or sick baby
Major depression risk factors
Socioeconomic status, marital status
Who is more likely to distract themselves during depression
men
Who is more likely to amplify there depression
women
Persistent depressive disorder
Chronic depression that last for atleast two years
People with persistent depressive order may have
Chronic depression or dysthymia
dythymia
milder form of depression
how do people with dysthymia feel
“down in the dumps”
“bad spirited”
Not as severe as MDD
Two types of Bipolar disorders
Type 1
Type 2
Cyclothymic Disorder
Bipolar 1 disorder essential feature
Manic episodes
Mixed type Bipolar disorder 1
manic episode and and a major depressive episode
Manic episode
Periods of Mania
Sudden elevation of mood and feels unusually cheerful, euphoric or optimistic
Show poor judgment and become argumentative
Become too generous
Unable to sit or sleep restfully
Abundent amount of energy may not need sleep for days
Infalted self esteem
Bipolar 2 disorder associated with
Hypomania a milder form of mania
Hypomanic episodes people may feel
Inflated self esteem
Unusually charged with energy and alert
More restless and irritable
Cyclothymic disorder
chronic cyclica patter of mood disturbances, characterized by mild mood swings of at least two years
Which type of symptoms are in cyclothymic disorder
hypomanic symptoms that are not severe enough to meet the criteria for a hypomanic episode
Numerous mild depressive symptoms
When do cyclothymic disorders begin
Early adulthood or late adolesence
How long does cyclothymic disorder persist
for years
Ambivalent feelings
combination of positive and negative feelings
What did freud theorize?
When people lose something, they feel ambivalent to there anger turns to rage which turns to an inward anger since the person is no longer there to let rage out
How does psychodynamic perspective view bipolar disorders
super ego and ego are in a clash to become dominant
Mood swings happen when one becomes dominant
Self focusing model
considers how people allocate their attentional processes after a loss
According to the self focusing model
Depression prone people experience a period of intense self examination follow major loss or disappointment and lose hope
Cognitive triad of depression
negative beliefs about yourself, environment and future
cognitive schemas
mental templates that include negative concepts of the self world and world
Cognitive distortions
Tendency to magnify importance of minor failures
All or nothing thinking
Seeing events as either all good or all bad
Overgeneralization
Believing that if a negative event occurs it is likelu to occur again in similar suituations
Mental filter
Focusing only negative details of life
Disqualifying the positive
Tendency to to deny victories
Jumpting to conclusions
Forming a negative interpretation of events without evidence
Magnification and minimization
Exaggerate importance of negative events
underestimate good ones
Emontional reasoning
Basing reasons on emotions
Should statements
creating unrealistic expectations
Labelling and mislabelling
Explaining outcomes or behaviour with negative labels on yourself
Personalization
Tendency to assume you are the person responsible for other peoples problems
Distorted thinking tends to be
automatic
Problem with becks theory
Cant say for sure that negative thinking causes depression or the other way around
Learned helpessness model
People may become depressed because they learn to view themselves as helpess to control the reinforcements in their envionrments
What does the Learned helpless ness model fail to account
The low self-esteem typical of people who are depressed
and it could not explain variations in the persistence of depression
Internal attribution
Blame oursleves
External attribution
Blame circumstances
Stable attribution
See bad experiences as typical events
Unstable attribution
See bad experiences as isolated incidents
Global attribution
See bad events as broad problems
Specific attribution
see bad events as evidence of specific short comings
Reformulated helplessness theory
People who explain the causes of negative events under internal factors, global factors and stable factors are more vulnerable to depression
Psychodynamic approach to Depression
Gain understanding of ambivalent feelings toward important people and have patient verbally express them to release anger
How is traditional psychoanalysis different then modern?
Modern pscyhoanalysis is more direct, more bried and focus on present conflicts aswell
Eclectic pschodynamic therapsits
use behavioural methods to help clients aquire social skills they need
Interposnal psychotherapy
A psychodynamic therapy that aids in resolving interpersonal relationships
Effective treatment for maor depression and other disorders such as depressive disorder and bulimia
How does interpersonal psychotherapy work?
therapist helps clients express grief and come to terms with their loss while assisting them in developing new activities and relationships
Also aids helping client identify conflict in current relationships
Cognitive therapy
Helping with depression recognize and change their dysfucntional thinking
brief
Selective abstraction
Tendency to judge oneself entirely on a flaw or weakness
Mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is helpful in?
Helping in preventing relapse
How does MBCT work
group based psychosocial intervention that involves training the person in meditation and increase awareness in the present
teaches to observe unwanted thoughts
CBT is helpful in?
treating depression in childhood and adolescence
Learning perspective on suicide
People who threatent suicide may be looking for sympathy once gained they may threaten again more strongly
the sympathy gained is a reinforcer
Social cognitive theory on suicide
People who kill themselves may expect there deaths to be eulgoized or that survivors will feel guilty
Suicide represnts a desperate attempt to deal with their problems
Social contagion
Spreading of suicide in a community
Biological factors of suicide
Reduced serotonin may impact suicide and depression
Genetic factors
