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Psyco 239 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder is based on?

A

The occurence of one or more major depressive episodes in the absence of history of manic and hypomanic episodes

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2
Q

Two things a person experiences during a major depressive episode

A

Depressed Mood

Loss of interest or pleasure in all activities for two weeks

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3
Q

What bodily changes may happen during depression

A 
poor appetite
Huge weight changes
Physically agitated 
Slowing down of motor activity 
Loss of interests
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4
Q

Why do many people remain untreated with depression

A

Stigmas around it,

“shake it off” or snap out of it mentality

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5
Q

% of Canadian adults experience Depressive disorder

A

11

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6
Q

Why do high incomes countries have higher rates of depression

A

Theory si that higher income countries reflect greater social inequalities

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7
Q

What can major depression be accomponied by

A

Delusions and psychotic features

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8
Q

How long does Major depressive disorder last

A

Usually for six months or longer possibly two more years

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9
Q

How many people with major depression have repeated occurences

A

50%

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10
Q

Aged 12-17 how many have depression

A

5% girls

2.8% boys

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11
Q

What is adolescent depression associated with?

A

Increased risk of future major depressive episodes and suicide attempts

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12
Q

What skills may children with depression lack

A

Academic performance Social acceptance, Athletic performance

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13
Q

How does depression in children occur

A
  • rarely on their own
  • Children will experience other psychological disorders, such as anxiety disorders, conduct or oppositional defiant disorders
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14
Q

What is important to consider with Depressed children

A

They may fail to label there feeling as depression

Making diagnosis more difficult as they may not report there emotions correctly

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15
Q

What age do children learn to recognize internal feelings

A

age 7 and up

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16
Q

What is Major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern

A

Major depression that happens seasonally

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17
Q

Main features of Seasonal affective disorder

A
  • fatigue
  • Excessive sleep
  • Craving for Carbohydrates
  • Weight gain
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18
Q

Who does Seasonal Affective disorder tend to impact more

A

Women

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19
Q

What can treat Seasonal affective disorder

A

Phototherapy

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20
Q

What is phototherapy

A

Light intense therapy that helps relieve depression

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21
Q

Major depression with peripartum onset

A

Postpartum depression lasts a couple days

Response to hormonal changes after childbrirth

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22
Q

Major depressive disorder peripartum onset

A

When post partum depression persists for months or longer then a year

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23
Q

MDD with peripartum onset is associated with?

A

Disturbance in sleep or appetite
low self esteem
difficulty maintaining concentration

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24
Q

How long does MDD with peripartum onset last

A

first 3 months after child birth usually

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25
What else can contribute to the depression after childbirth
``` psychosocial problems troubled marriage lack of social or emotional support History of depression Unwanted baby or sick baby ```
26
Major depression risk factors
Socioeconomic status, marital status
27
Who is more likely to distract themselves during depression
men
28
Who is more likely to amplify there depression
women
29
Persistent depressive disorder
Chronic depression that last for atleast two years
30
People with persistent depressive order may have
Chronic depression or dysthymia
31
dythymia
milder form of depression
32
how do people with dysthymia feel
"down in the dumps" "bad spirited" Not as severe as MDD
33
Two types of Bipolar disorders
Type 1 Type 2 Cyclothymic Disorder
34
Bipolar 1 disorder essential feature
Manic episodes
35
Mixed type Bipolar disorder 1
manic episode and and a major depressive episode
36
Manic episode
Periods of Mania Sudden elevation of mood and feels unusually cheerful, euphoric or optimistic Show poor judgment and become argumentative Become too generous Unable to sit or sleep restfully Abundent amount of energy may not need sleep for days Infalted self esteem
37
Bipolar 2 disorder associated with
Hypomania a milder form of mania
38
Hypomanic episodes people may feel
Inflated self esteem Unusually charged with energy and alert More restless and irritable
39
Cyclothymic disorder
chronic cyclica patter of mood disturbances, characterized by mild mood swings of at least two years
40
Which type of symptoms are in cyclothymic disorder
hypomanic symptoms that are not severe enough to meet the criteria for a hypomanic episode Numerous mild depressive symptoms
41
When do cyclothymic disorders begin
Early adulthood or late adolesence
42
How long does cyclothymic disorder persist
for years
43
Ambivalent feelings
combination of positive and negative feelings
44
What did freud theorize?
When people lose something, they feel ambivalent to there anger turns to rage which turns to an inward anger since the person is no longer there to let rage out
45
How does psychodynamic perspective view bipolar disorders
super ego and ego are in a clash to become dominant | Mood swings happen when one becomes dominant
46
Self focusing model
considers how people allocate their attentional processes after a loss
47
According to the self focusing model
Depression prone people experience a period of intense self examination follow major loss or disappointment and lose hope
48
Cognitive triad of depression
negative beliefs about yourself, environment and future
49
cognitive schemas
mental templates that include negative concepts of the self world and world
50
Cognitive distortions
Tendency to magnify importance of minor failures
51
All or nothing thinking
Seeing events as either all good or all bad
52
Overgeneralization
Believing that if a negative event occurs it is likelu to occur again in similar suituations
53
Mental filter
Focusing only negative details of life
54
Disqualifying the positive
Tendency to to deny victories
55
Jumpting to conclusions
Forming a negative interpretation of events without evidence
56
Magnification and minimization
Exaggerate importance of negative events | underestimate good ones
57
Emontional reasoning
Basing reasons on emotions
58
Should statements
creating unrealistic expectations
59
Labelling and mislabelling
Explaining outcomes or behaviour with negative labels on yourself
60
Personalization
Tendency to assume you are the person responsible for other peoples problems
61
Distorted thinking tends to be
automatic
62
Problem with becks theory
Cant say for sure that negative thinking causes depression or the other way around
63
Learned helpessness model
People may become depressed because they learn to view themselves as helpess to control the reinforcements in their envionrments
64
What does the Learned helpless ness model fail to account
The low self-esteem typical of people who are depressed and it could not explain variations in the persistence of depression
65
Internal attribution
Blame oursleves
66
External attribution
Blame circumstances
67
Stable attribution
See bad experiences as typical events
68
Unstable attribution
See bad experiences as isolated incidents
69
Global attribution
See bad events as broad problems
70
Specific attribution
see bad events as evidence of specific short comings
71
Reformulated helplessness theory
People who explain the causes of negative events under internal factors, global factors and stable factors are more vulnerable to depression
72
Psychodynamic approach to Depression
Gain understanding of ambivalent feelings toward important people and have patient verbally express them to release anger
73
How is traditional psychoanalysis different then modern?
Modern pscyhoanalysis is more direct, more bried and focus on present conflicts aswell
74
Eclectic pschodynamic therapsits
use behavioural methods to help clients aquire social skills they need
75
Interposnal psychotherapy
A psychodynamic therapy that aids in resolving interpersonal relationships Effective treatment for maor depression and other disorders such as depressive disorder and bulimia
76
How does interpersonal psychotherapy work?
therapist helps clients express grief and come to terms with their loss while assisting them in developing new activities and relationships Also aids helping client identify conflict in current relationships
77
Cognitive therapy
Helping with depression recognize and change their dysfucntional thinking brief
78
Selective abstraction
Tendency to judge oneself entirely on a flaw or weakness
79
Mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is helpful in?
Helping in preventing relapse
80
How does MBCT work
group based psychosocial intervention that involves training the person in meditation and increase awareness in the present teaches to observe unwanted thoughts
81
CBT is helpful in?
treating depression in childhood and adolescence
82
Learning perspective on suicide
People who threatent suicide may be looking for sympathy once gained they may threaten again more strongly the sympathy gained is a reinforcer
83
Social cognitive theory on suicide
People who kill themselves may expect there deaths to be eulgoized or that survivors will feel guilty Suicide represnts a desperate attempt to deal with their problems
84
Social contagion
Spreading of suicide in a community
85
Biological factors of suicide
Reduced serotonin may impact suicide and depression Genetic factors

Psyco 239 (1 decks)

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