Chapter 4 Flashcards
Define PERSONAL-SOCIAL IDENTITY CONTINUUM
The range of traits you possess that emphasize the manner in which you see yourself as a unique individual on one end and those that underscore your membership in a group on the their end
Define AUXILIARY TRAITS
Characteristics presumed to accompany a specific master status.
Define SELF-CONCEPT
An individual’s sense of who he or she is based on perceived similarities to and differences from others.
Define SOCIALIZATION
The lifelong process through which people learn about themselves and their various roles in society and in relation to one another
Define SOCIAL IDENTITY
The portion of an individual’s sense of self derived from membership in social groups.
Define PERSONAL IDENTITY
The portion of an individual’s sense of self that renders him or her unique from others.
Define BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM
The belief that human behaviour is controlled by genetics.
Define SOCIOBIOLOGY
The belief that social behaviour evolved from the need to reproduce and survive.
Define BEHAVIOURISM
A school of thought
that denies free will, emphasizes observable phenomena, and claims that all behaviour is learned from the environment
Define BIO-ECOLOGICAL THEORY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
A theory that views human development as
a dynamic process of reciprocal interaction in which individuals play an important role in shaping the environment in which they develop.
Define LOOKING-GLASS SELF
The sense of ourselves that we develop based on our perceptions of how others view us.
Define RECIDIVISM
Committing further crimes after having been convicted of a crime.
Define AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
The groups, social institutions, and/or social settings that have the greatest amount of influence on the developing self
Define SELF-ESTEEM
An evaluation of ones’s own self-worth
Define INTERPERSONAL TRUST
A perception that another person can be relied upon and has your best interests at heart.
Define SOCIAL COMPERISON
Refers to how individuals evaluate themselves in terms of appearance, merit, and abilities based on how they compare to others.
Define MEDIA
Communications that target large audiences in print or in electronic format using audio and/or images.
Define SOCIAL STRUCTURE
The framework of cultural elements and social patterns in which social interactions take place.
Define STATUS
A recognized social position that exists independently of any given individual who may occupy it.
Define ROLE
The behavioural component of a given status.
Define ANITICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION
The process by which individuals learn about the roles associated with a particular status before taking on that status.
Define STATUS SET
The sum total of all of the statuses held by a person at a given time.
Define ASCRIBED STATUSES
A social position conferred at birth.
Define ACHIEVED STATUSES
A social position obtained through personal actions.
Define MASTER STATUS
The most influential status in an individual’s status set.
Define ROLE CONFLICT
A situation in which incompatible role demands exist between two or more commonly held statuses.
Define ROLE STRAIN
A situation in which incompatible role demands exist within a single status.
Define SOCIAL GROUP
Two or more people who share relevant cultural elements and interact with regular frequency.
Define SOCIAL FACILITATION
The tendency for people to do better on simple tasks, but worse on complex tasks, when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaluated.
Define SOCIAL LOAFING
The tendency to put in minimal effort on simple group tasks when individual performance cannot be evaluated.
Define SOCIAL NETWORK
An interrelated system of social relationships of varying purpose, relevance, intimacy, and importance.
Define CONFORMITY
A form of social influence in which individuals change their behaviour in order to adhere to group norms.
Define GROUPTHINK
A process in which members of a group favour consensus over rational decision making, producing poor and even disastrous outcomes.
Define SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Relatively permanent societal structures that govern the behaviour of groups and promote social order.
Define BUREAUCRACY
A formal organization model consisting of an explicit chain of authority and a
set of procedures and protocols that guide the relationships and processes that exist within it.
Define IDEAL TYPE
An analytical construct that clearly depicts all of the main features of some social phenomenon but is not an entity that can be found in reality
Define RESOICALIZATION
A PROCES THAT INVOLVES RADICALLY ALTERING ONES IDENTITY BY GIVING UP AN EXISTING STATUS IN EXCHANGE FOR A NEW ONE
Define TOTAL INSTITUTION
An isolated social system in which certain individuals are housed, looked after, and socialized apart from the wider society
Describe the continuum of nature vs nurture assumptions
- On the extreme nature side, theorist advocate biological determinism, that i the view that behaviour is the end result of genetics. Sociology points to evolutionary origins for social behaviour (ex: the need to reproduce). Moving toward the centre of the continuum, sociologists highlight the importance of biology and socialization in the devel- opment of the social self. For example, the bioeco- logical theory of human development stresses the importance of human agency and the reciprocal nature of social influences.
- Finally, on the extreme nurture side, the school of behaviourism posits that behaviour is the end result of learning, especially through the use of rewards and punishment.
Define RESOCIALIZATION
A process that involves radically altering one’s identity by giving up an existing status in exchange for a new one
Define TOTAL INSTITUTION
An isolated social system in which certain individuals are housed, looked after, and socialized apart from the wider society
Describe the continuum of nature
versus nurture assumptions.
- On the extreme nature side, theorists advocate biological determinism, that is, the view that behav- iour is the end result of genetics. Sociobiology points to evolutionary origins for social behaviour (i.e., the need to reproduce). Moving toward the centre of the continuum, sociologists highlight the importance of biology and socialization in the devel- opment of the social self. For example, the bioeco- logical theory of human development stresses the importance of human agency and the reciprocal nature of social influences.
- Finally, on the extreme nurture side, the school of behaviourism posits that behaviour is the end result of learning, especially through the use of rewards and punishment.
