Chapter 4

Question 1

Define PERSONAL-SOCIAL IDENTITY CONTINUUM

Answer 1

The range of traits you possess that emphasize the manner in which you see yourself as a unique individual on one end and those that underscore your membership in a group on the their end

Question 2

Define AUXILIARY TRAITS

Answer 2

Characteristics presumed to accompany a specific master status.

Question 3

Define SELF-CONCEPT

Answer 3

An individual’s sense of who he or she is based on perceived similarities to and differences from others.

Question 4

Define SOCIALIZATION

Answer 4

The lifelong process through which people learn about themselves and their various roles in society and in relation to one another

Question 5

Define SOCIAL IDENTITY

Answer 5

The portion of an individual’s sense of self derived from membership in social groups.

Question 6

Define PERSONAL IDENTITY

Answer 6

The portion of an individual’s sense of self that renders him or her unique from others.

Question 7

Define BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM

Answer 7

The belief that human behaviour is controlled by genetics.

Question 8

Define SOCIOBIOLOGY

Answer 8

The belief that social behaviour evolved from the need to reproduce and survive.

Question 9

Define BEHAVIOURISM

Answer 9

A school of thought

that denies free will, emphasizes observable phenomena, and claims that all behaviour is learned from the environment

Question 10

Define BIO-ECOLOGICAL THEORY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Answer 10

A theory that views human development as
a dynamic process of reciprocal interaction in which individuals play an important role in shaping the environment in which they develop.

Question 11

Define LOOKING-GLASS SELF

Answer 11

The sense of ourselves that we develop based on our perceptions of how others view us.

Question 12

Define RECIDIVISM

Answer 12

Committing further crimes after having been convicted of a crime.

Question 13

Define AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION

Answer 13

The groups, social institutions, and/or social settings that have the greatest amount of influence on the developing self

Question 14

Define SELF-ESTEEM

Answer 14

An evaluation of ones’s own self-worth

Question 15

Define INTERPERSONAL TRUST

Answer 15

A perception that another person can be relied upon and has your best interests at heart.

Question 16

Define SOCIAL COMPERISON

Answer 16

Refers to how individuals evaluate themselves in terms of appearance, merit, and abilities based on how they compare to others.

Question 17

Define MEDIA

Answer 17

Communications that target large audiences in print or in electronic format using audio and/or images.

Question 18

Define SOCIAL STRUCTURE

Answer 18

The framework of cultural elements and social patterns in which social interactions take place.

Question 19

Define STATUS

Answer 19

A recognized social position that exists independently of any given individual who may occupy it.

Question 20

Define ROLE

Answer 20

The behavioural component of a given status.

Question 21

Define ANITICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION

Answer 21

The process by which individuals learn about the roles associated with a particular status before taking on that status.

Question 22

Define STATUS SET

Answer 22

The sum total of all of the statuses held by a person at a given time.

Question 23

Define ASCRIBED STATUSES

Answer 23

A social position conferred at birth.

Question 24

Define ACHIEVED STATUSES

Answer 24

A social position obtained through personal actions.

Question 25

Define MASTER STATUS

Answer 25

The most influential status in an individual’s status set.

Question 26

Define ROLE CONFLICT

Answer 26

A situation in which incompatible role demands exist between two or more commonly held statuses.

Question 27

Define ROLE STRAIN

Answer 27

A situation in which incompatible role demands exist within a single status.

Question 28

Define SOCIAL GROUP

Answer 28

Two or more people who share relevant cultural elements and interact with regular frequency.

Question 29

Define SOCIAL FACILITATION

Answer 29

The tendency for people to do better on simple tasks, but worse on complex tasks, when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaluated.

Question 30

Define SOCIAL LOAFING

Answer 30

The tendency to put in minimal effort on simple group tasks when individual performance cannot be evaluated.

Question 31

Define SOCIAL NETWORK

Answer 31

An interrelated system of social relationships of varying purpose, relevance, intimacy, and importance.

Question 32

Define CONFORMITY

Answer 32

A form of social influence in which individuals change their behaviour in order to adhere to group norms.

Question 33

Define GROUPTHINK

Answer 33

A process in which members of a group favour consensus over rational decision making, producing poor and even disastrous outcomes.

Question 34

Define SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

Answer 34

Relatively permanent societal structures that govern the behaviour of groups and promote social order.

Question 35

Define BUREAUCRACY

Answer 35

A formal organization model consisting of an explicit chain of authority and a
set of procedures and protocols that guide the relationships and processes that exist within it.

Question 36

Define IDEAL TYPE

Answer 36

An analytical construct that clearly depicts all of the main features of some social phenomenon but is not an entity that can be found in reality

Question 37

Define RESOICALIZATION

Answer 37

A PROCES THAT INVOLVES RADICALLY ALTERING ONES IDENTITY BY GIVING UP AN EXISTING STATUS IN EXCHANGE FOR A NEW ONE

Question 38

Define TOTAL INSTITUTION

Answer 38

An isolated social system in which certain individuals are housed, looked after, and socialized apart from the wider society

Question 39

Describe the continuum of nature vs nurture assumptions

Answer 39

• On the extreme nature side, theorist advocate biological determinism, that i the view that behaviour is the end result of genetics. Sociology points to evolutionary origins for social behaviour (ex: the need to reproduce). Moving toward the centre of the continuum, sociologists highlight the importance of biology and socialization in the devel- opment of the social self. For example, the bioeco- logical theory of human development stresses the importance of human agency and the reciprocal nature of social influences.
• Finally, on the extreme nurture side, the school of behaviourism posits that behaviour is the end result of learning, especially through the use of rewards and punishment.

Question 40

Define RESOCIALIZATION

Answer 40

A process that involves radically altering one’s identity by giving up an existing status in exchange for a new one

Question 41

Define TOTAL INSTITUTION

Answer 41

An isolated social system in which certain individuals are housed, looked after, and socialized apart from the wider society

Question 42

Describe the continuum of nature

versus nurture assumptions.

Answer 42

• On the extreme nature side, theorists advocate biological determinism, that is, the view that behav- iour is the end result of genetics. Sociobiology points to evolutionary origins for social behaviour (i.e., the need to reproduce). Moving toward the centre of the continuum, sociologists highlight the importance of biology and socialization in the devel- opment of the social self. For example, the bioeco- logical theory of human development stresses the importance of human agency and the reciprocal nature of social influences.
• Finally, on the extreme nurture side, the school of behaviourism posits that behaviour is the end result of learning, especially through the use of rewards and punishment.