Chapter 4

Question 1

Language Shift

Answer 1

When speakers cease to use a minority language and instead adopt the majority language for ingroup use

Question 2

Elite Multilingualism

Answer 2

multilingualism which is considered to be socially advantageous.

Question 3

Plebeian multilingualism

Answer 3

multilingualism which is considered to be socially disadvantageous.

Question 4

Code

Answer 4

• a variety of a language

- Intentionally neutral

Question 5

Domain

Answer 5

a concept which refers to language use as determined by topic, setting and speakers, often used to discuss the choice of a particular variety of language.

Question 6

Language maintance

Answer 6

the continued use of a minority language.

Question 7

Ethnolinguistic vitality

Answer 7

the potential of a minority language to be maintained

Question 8

Inter-sentential code-switching

Answer 8

one sentence in one language and another sentence in another language.

Question 9

Intra-sentential code-switching

Answer 9

use of more than one language within the same sentence.

Question 10

multilingual discourse

Answer 10

the use of linguistic elements from more than one variety in a conversation or text

Question 11

Linguistic landscape

Answer 11

the visual display of languages throguh sings, billboards, advertisements, graffiti, and so on.

Question 12

Diglossia

Answer 12

the use of two languages with strict separation by domains

Question 13

Monoglossic ideology

Answer 13

the idea that languages are distinct entities and should be kept strictly separate in their use.

Question 14

Pluralist ideology

Answer 14

a way of thinking in which all linguistic varieties, ways of speaking and ways of being are valued, not only mainstream or majority cultures and languages.

Question 15

Ideology of normative monolingualism

Answer 15

the notion that the ideal (most competent) speaker of a language is a monolingual speaker of that language and that this is what we should all aspire to.

Question 16

Paradox of multilingualism

Answer 16

multilingualism can be valued very highly or devalued very highly depending on the nature of the contact situation.

Question 17

Accommodation

Answer 17

modifying one’s speech to be more similar to or different from the speech of the addressee or hearer

Question 18

Communication accommodation theory

Answer 18

• Main focus: analysis of the ways that speakers change the way they speak depending on the person they are talking to (family member or boss).
• Speakers converge when they wish to reduce the social distance between one another, and diverge when they wish to emphasise their distinctiveness or increase the social distance.

Question 19

Convergence

Answer 19

modifying one’s speech so that it resembles that of other interlocutors

Question 20

Divergence

Answer 20

adjusting one’s language use to make it less like that of the interlocutors

Question 21

Audience design

Answer 21

an approach to studying language variation based on the idea that speakers orient their speech based on their audience.

Question 22

Unmarked language choice

Answer 22

the expected code for a particular situation

Question 23

Marked language choice

Answer 23

the code that would normally not be expected.

Question 24

Crossing

Answer 24

use of a variety associated with a group in which the speaker is not considered a member