Chapter 4

Question 1

Epithelial tissue

Answer 1

covers and protects such as skin surface

Question 2

Connective tissue

Answer 2

supports, binds, protects other tissues together

Question 3

Muscle tissue

Answer 3

movement (skeletal, cardiac, smooth)

Question 4

nerve tissue

Answer 4

controls (internal communication) brain and nerves

Question 5

function of epithelial tissues

Answer 5

-protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory reception

Question 6

characteristics of epithelial tissues (enumeration)

Answer 6

• polarity (look down)
• specialized contacts (covering and lining epithelial tissues fit together)
• supported by connective tissue
• Avascular but innervated
• can regenerate

Question 7

surfaces of the epithelial tissues (apical and basal) polarity

Answer 7

• apical surface: is the upper free, exposed to exterior or cavity
• basal surface: lower and attached

Question 8

classification of epithelial tissues and example of each

Answer 8

-Apical: may be smooth and slick
Microvilli meaning brush border of intestinal lining
Cilia is lining of trachea

-Basal surface: noncellular basal lamina
Adhesive sheet
Cell migration in wound repair

Question 9

endothelium and mesothelium (just like in the slides)

Answer 9

• endothelium: The lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and heart.
• mesothelium: The epithelium of serous membranes in the ventral body cavity

Question 10

characteristics of connective tissues

Answer 10

-Binding and support, Protecting,

Insulating, Storing reserve fuel, Transporting substances (blood)

Question 11

Endocrine glands

Answer 11

Ductless glands, secretions not released in ducts, hormones that travel through lymph or blood to specific target organs.

Question 12

Exocrine glands

Answer 12

secretions released onto body surfaces like skin or in body cavities. Secretes products into ducts some examples are mucus, sweat, oil.

Question 13

types of secretions of multicellular glands

Answer 13

Structure
•Simple glands (unbranched duct) or compound glands (branched duct)
•Cells tubular, alveolar, or tubuloalveolar
–Type of secretion
•Merocrine– most – secrete products by exocytosis as produced (pancreas, sweat, salivary)
•Holocrine– accumulate products within the rupture (sebaceous)
•Apocrine– accumulates products within but only
apex ruptures – controversy if exist in humans

Question 14

Characteristics of connective tissues

Answer 14

•Three characteristics make connective tissues different from other primary tissues
–Have mesenchyme (an embryonic tissue) as their common tissue of origin
–Have varying degrees of vascularity (blood vessels)
–Have extracellular matrix
•Connective tissue not composed mainly of cells
•Largely nonliving extracellular matrix separates cells
–So can bear weight, withstand tension, endure abuse

Question 15

Structural Elements of Connective Tissue

Answer 15

• Three elements–Ground substance–Fibers–Cells

* Composition and arrangement varies in different connective tissues

Question 16

Ground Substance

Answer 16

•Unstructured material that fills space between cells
–Medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells
•Components
–Interstitial fluid
–Cell adhesion proteins (“glue” for attachment)
–Proteoglycans
•Protein core + large polysaccharides (chrondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid)
•Trap water in varying amounts, affecting viscosity of ground substance

Question 17

Connective Tissue Fibers

Answer 17

Proteins that provide support
•Three types of fibers provide support
–Collagen
•Strongest and most abundant type
•Tough; provides high tensile strength

–Elastic fibers
•Networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil

–Reticular
•Short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers (different chemistry and form than collagen fibers)
•Branch, forming networks that offer more “give”

Question 18

Cells

Answer 18

“Blast” cells
–Immature form; mitotically active; secrete ground substance and fibers

–Fibroblasts in connective tissue proper
–Chondroblasts in cartilage
–Osteoblasts in bone
–Hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow

•”Cyte” cells
–Mature form; maintain matrix
–Chondrocytes in cartilage
–Osteocytes in bone

Question 19

Other cells in connective tissues

Answer 19

• Fat cells: store nutrients
• white blood cells: tissue response to injury
• mast cells: local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms.
• macrophages: eat dead cells.

Question 20

skeletal muscle tissue

Answer 20

voluntary movement such as facial expression

Question 21

cardiac muscle

Answer 21

involuntary, as contracts propels blood into circulation

Question 22

smooth muscle

Answer 22

involuntary, propels substances along internal passageways such as urine or a baby

Question 23

Mucous membranes

Answer 23

Line body cavities open to exterior like digestive, respiratory, etc.

Question 24

Serous membranes

Answer 24

-found in closed ventral body cavity
-serous fluid between layers
-

Question 25

Regeneration

Answer 25

• Same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue

* Original function restored

Question 26

Fibrosis

Answer 26

• Connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue

* Original function lost