Chapter 3_Research Ethics

Question 1

Ethics

Answer 1

Principles that guide behavior to ensure respect for human dignity, rights, and welfare in research.

Question 2

Confederate

Answer 2

An actor who participates in a study, pretending to be another participant, to manipulate the social setting as part of the research design.

Question 3

Autonomy

Answer 3

The principle that individuals have the right to make their own decisions, including whether to participate in research.

Question 4

Informed Consent

Answer 4

The process of providing potential participants with all necessary information about a study so they can make an informed decision about participation.

Question 5

Privacy

Answer 5

The right of individuals to control access to their personal information and to limit the circumstances under which it is shared.

Question 6

Confidentiality

Answer 6

The obligation of researchers to protect the identities and data of research participants from unauthorized access or disclosure.

Question 7

Anonymity

Answer 7

Ensuring that a participant’s identity is not linked to their data, making it impossible to trace results back to an individual.

Question 8

Nuremberg Code

Answer 8

A set of research ethics principles developed after World War II that emphasizes voluntary consent and the protection of participants.

Question 9

Declaration of Helsinki

Answer 9

A set of ethical guidelines for medical research involving human subjects, established by the World Medical Association, emphasizing the need for consent.

Question 10

Belmont Report

Answer 10

A foundational document outlining ethical principles and guidelines for conducting research with human subjects, focusing on respect, beneficence, and justice.

Question 11

Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects

Answer 11

U.S. regulations known as the Common Rule, providing protections for participants in research conducted or funded by federal agencies.

Question 12

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Answer 12

A committee that reviews research proposals to ensure that they comply with ethical standards and protect participants’ rights and welfare.

Question 13

Exempt Research

Answer 13

Research involving minimal risk that is exempt from continuous IRB oversight, such as anonymous surveys or observational studies.

Question 14

Expedited Research

Answer 14

Research that involves minimal risk and fits specific categories eligible for faster IRB review.

Question 15

Greater than Minimal Risk Research

Answer 15

Research that poses more than minimal risk to participants, requiring full IRB review and additional safeguards.

Question 16

APA Ethics Code

Answer 16

The American Psychological Association’s guidelines that outline ethical standards for psychologists in research, practice, and education.

Question 17

Consent Form

Answer 17

A document that outlines the study’s purpose, procedures, risks, and rights of participants, which they sign to indicate informed consent.

Question 18

Deception

Answer 18

Misleading or withholding information from participants about the true purpose of the study to prevent biased behavior, used only when justified.

Question 19

Debriefing

Answer 19

The process of informing participants about the true nature of the study after it is completed, especially when deception was used.

Question 20

IACUC

Answer 20

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, which reviews research involving animals to ensure ethical treatment and compliance with regulations.

Question 21

Beneficence and Non-Maleficence

Answer 21

Ethical principles that guide researchers to maximize benefits and minimize harm to participants.

Question 22

Fidelity and Responsibility

Answer 22

Ethical standards emphasizing the need for researchers to be trustworthy, accountable, and responsible in their professional roles.

Question 23

Integrity

Answer 23

The ethical principle requiring researchers to be honest, accurate, and transparent in their work.

Question 24

Justice

Answer 24

The principle that benefits and burdens of research should be distributed fairly, ensuring equal access and protection for all participants.

Question 25

Respect for Rights and Dignity

Answer 25

A commitment to respecting individual autonomy, privacy, and cultural values of research participants.

Question 26

Risk-Benefit Analysis

Answer 26

The evaluation of the potential risks to participants against the anticipated benefits of the research to ensure ethical justification.

Question 27

Milgram Obedience Study

Answer 27

A famous psychological study conducted by Stanley Milgram that examined obedience to authority, highlighting ethical concerns due to participant distress.

Question 28

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

Answer 28

A notorious study that involved unethical treatment of African American men, who were misled and not given proper treatment for syphilis over decades.

Question 29

Stanford Prison Study

Answer 29

A controversial study by Philip Zimbardo examining the effects of perceived power in a simulated prison environment, raising ethical issues about consent and harm.