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PNC 104 lecture > Chapter 38: endocrine system function and assessment > Flashcards

Chapter 38: endocrine system function and assessment Flashcards

1
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone

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2
Q

prolactin

A

stimulates milk production in the mammary glands in females
- in males, it may make the testes more sensitive to LH

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3
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A
  • stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids
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4
Q

growth hormone (somatotropin)

A
  • acts on the entire body to promote protein synthesis, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and bone and skeletal muscle growth
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5
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A
  • a gonadotropin stimulates ovulation and estrogen and progesterone synthesis in females and the secretion of testosterone by the testes in males
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6
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A
  • one of the gonadotropins
  • stimulates the production of eggs in the ovaries of females and sperm in the testes of males
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7
Q

the nerve fibers that form the posterior pituitary originate in the…

A

hypothalamus

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8
Q

the hypothalamic neurons synthesize…

A

hormones
- they send down to the posterior pituitary to be stored

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9
Q

the posterior pituitary holds ______ until stimulated by the ____ to release them

A

hormones
nervous system

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10
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth
- it also triggers the release of milk from the breasts during lactation

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11
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) —> also called “vasopressin”

A
  • acts on the kidneys to reduce urine volume and prevent dehydration
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12
Q
A
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13
Q

thyroid tissue is made of tiny sacs called

A

thyroid follicles

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14
Q

each thyroid follicle is filled with a thick fluid called

A

thyroid colloid

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15
Q

the cells lining thyroid follicles secrete two main thyroid hormones

A

t3 (triiodothyronine)
t4 (thyroxine)

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16
Q

unlike other glands, the thyroid gland can…

A

store the hormones for later

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17
Q

the thyroid gland resides in the ___, just below the ____, where it is wrapped around the ___ and ____ portions of the ____.

A

neck
trachea
anterior; lateral
trachea

18
Q

the parathyroid glands are embedded in the posterior corners of the lobes of the

A

thyroid

19
Q

most people have ___ parathyroid glands, but the number and locations may vary

A

4

20
Q

pth inhibits ____ while stimulating the breakdown of ____, causing ____ and ____ to move out of bone and into the blood

A

new bone formation
old bone
calcium & phosphate

21
Q

PTH encourages the ____ to reabsorb calcium

A

kidneys
- this blocks its excretion into the urine while promoting the secretion of phosphate
- PTH also prompts the kidneys to activate vitamin D, necessary for intestinal absorption of calcium

22
Q

after its activation by the _____, vitamin D allows the intestines to asorb calcium from food

A

kidneys
- the calcium is transported through intestinal cells and into the blood

23
Q

the adrenal medulla contains ___ that act as part of the sympathetic nervous system

A
  • chromaffin cells
24
Q

catecholamines

A
  • prepare the body for physical activity by increasing heart rate and blood pressure, stimulating circulation to the muscles, and dilating the bronchioles to maximize blood flow to the areas needed for physical acvitiy
  • they also inhibit digestion and urinary production
  • boost glucose levels by breaking down glycogen into glucose (glycogenollysis) and converting fatty acids and amino acids into glucose (gluconeogenesis)
25
Q

adrenal cortex

A
  • consists of 3 layers of glandular tissue
  • each layer secretes a different corticosteroid
26
Q

zona glomerulosa

A
  • outermost layer of glandular tissue in the adrenal cortex
  • secretes mineralocorticoids
27
Q

zona fasciculata

A
  • the middle layer of glandular tissue in the adrenal cortex
  • secretes glucocorticoids
28
Q

zona reticularis

A
  • the innermost layer of glandular tissue in the adrenal cortex
  • secretes sex steroids
29
Q

pancreatic islets/islets of Langerhans

A

clusters of endocrine cells interspersed w/ the exocrine cells
- contain several types of cells: main ones are alpha, beta, and delta

30
Q

steps of glucose conversion within the body

A
  1. after eating, blood glucose levels rise as glucose flows from the digestive tract into the bloodstream
  2. high glucose levels stimulate the beta cells of the pancreas to secrete insulin
  3. insulin triggers two reactions: it stimulates the cells to take up more glucoseand it causes the liver to take up glucose and store it as glycogen. the combined result is that glucose levels return to normal levels
  4. when blood glucose levels drop below a certain point (such as after skipping a meal) the alpha cells of the pancreas release glucagon into the blood
  5. glucagon stimulates the liver to break down stored glycogen into glucose, which it then releases into the bloodstream. this causes blood glucose levels to rise.
31
Q

the aging endocrine system leads to

A
  • decrease in growth hormone
  • decrease in TSH and thyroid hormone
  • decrease in insulin secretion
32
Q

decrease in growth hormone leads to decrease in

A

muscle mass increase in fat storage

33
Q

decrease in TSH and thyroid hormone can lead to

A

decrease in basal metabolic rate
- leads to a decrease in energy

34
Q

decrease in insulin secretion

A
  • decrease in glucose tolerance (but not diabetes)
35
Q

nursing assessment: health history

A
  • neuromuscular
  • weight change
  • excessive thirst or urination
  • heat or cold intolerance
  • mood and memory
  • family history
36
Q

physical assessment

A
  • vital signs
  • weight
  • skin changes
  • tremor
  • affect
  • exophthalmos
  • fat pads
  • thyroid size
37
Q

common laboratory tests

A
  • thyroid tests
  • parathyroid tests
38
Q

thyroid tests

A
  • thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)
39
Q

parathyroid tests

A
  • parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • calcium
  • phosphorus
40
Q

pituitary tests

A
  • growth hormone (GH)
  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  • urine specific gravity
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
41
Q

adrenal tests

A
  • cortisol
  • 24 hour urine for vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)
42
Q

pancreatic function tests (diabetes)

A
  • fasting blood glucose
  • oral glucose tolerance
  • glycosylated hemoglobin

PNC 104 lecture (3 decks)

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