Chapter 38 Flashcards
What is homeostasis?
The regulation of the body’s internal environment to maintain it in a relatively stable state
Homeo = similar, stasis = standing/stopping
What are homeostatic control systems?
Processes and activities responsible for homeostasis that compensate for changes in the external and internal environment
Define Anatomy.
The study of the structures of organisms
Define Physiology.
The study of the functions, the physiochemical processes of organisms
What is the significance of multicellularity?
Allows organisms to create an internal environment for material exchange, occupy diverse environments, grow larger, and subdivide major life functions among specialized cells
What is the internal environment in multicellular organisms?
Fluid within an organism that supplies all the needs of individual cells
What is the external environment?
The environment outside of the bodies of multicellular organisms
What is specialization in biological systems?
Optimization and efficiency of carrying out functions like movement, food capture, and reproduction
What is a tissue?
A group of cells with similar structure and specialized function
List the four primary types of tissues.
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
What is an organ?
Integrates two or more different tissues into a structure that performs a particular function
What is an organ system?
A collection of organs with related functions that interact to carry out a major body function
What are junctions in tissues?
Structures that link cells into tissues
What are anchoring junctions?
Form button-like spots or belts that attach cells to each other or to the ECM, abundant in stretching tissues
What are tight junctions?
Plasma membrane proteins of adjacent cells fuse together to create a barrier
What are gap junctions?
Open direct channels between cells allowing ions, small molecules, and electrical signals to flow rapidly
Describe epithelial tissue.
Consists of sheet-like layers of cells with little ECM, forms protective and absorptive coverings and linings
What is the basal lamina?
A thin layer of ECM secreted by epithelial cells that the basal surface adheres to
Describe connective tissue.
Relatively few cells in abundance of ECM, functions include support, protection, and storing fat,
What are fibroblasts?
Cells that secrete proteins into the ECM that assemble into fibers
List the six major types of connective tissue in vertebrates.
- Loose connective tissue
- Dense connective tissue
- Cartilage
- Bone
- Adipose Tissue
- Blood
What is muscle tissue?
Tissue composed of cells that can contract and produce movement
List the three types of muscle tissue.
- Skeletal Muscle
- Cardiac Muscle
- Smooth Muscle
What is nervous tissue?
Tissue that receives, integrates, and transmits information
What are the key cell types in nervous tissue?
- Neurons
- Glial cells
What are the functions of the organ systems?
- Acquiring nutrients
- Synthesizing molecules
- Sensing and responding to changes
- Protecting against injury
- Reproducing and nurturing offspring
What are the 11 major organ systems?
- Nervous System
- Endocrine System
- Muscular System
- Skeletal System
- Integumentary System
- Circulatory System
- Immune System
- Respiratory System
- Digestive System
What is extracellular fluid (ECF)?
The internal environment that meets cells’ needs for nutrients and O2 input & waste elimination
What are the two components of extracellular fluid?
- Plasma
- Interstitial fluid
What is the difference between regulators and conformers?
- Regulators maintain internal factors in a constant state
- Conformers have internal environments that match the external
List factors regulated by homeostasis.
- Nutrient Concentration
- Concentration of O2
- Concentration of CO2
- Concentration of Waste Chemicals
- Concentration of Water and NaCl
- pH
- Volume and Pressure of Plasma
- Temperature
What is negative feedback?
A control mechanism that resists change in the internal environment
What are the components of a negative feedback control system?
- Stimulus
- Sensor
- Integrator
- Effector
What is positive feedback?
A mechanism that intensifies or adds to the change, mostly not homeostatic
What are biorhythms?
Regulated factors that change in predictable and cycling patterns
What is acclimatization?
A temporary change in physiological processes due to altered environmental conditions
What is acclimation?
A change in set point artificially in a laboratory setting
What is homeostasis?
Regulation of many factors of the internal environment to maintain it at a relatively stable state.
Which hormones regulate blood glucose levels?
Insulin and glucagon.
What tissue type consists of sheetlike layers of cells that can both exchange oxygen and act as a barrier to bacteria?
Epithelial.
Which of the following is not a connective tissue: muscle, cartilage, blood, bone, or adipose tissue?
Muscle.
Fill in the blanks: A flexible, rubbery protein in connective tissue is called _____, whereas a more fibrous, less flexible glycoprotein is called _____.
Elastin = flexible protein, Collagen = fibrous glycoprotein.
What does adipose tissue do?
It insulates and is an energy reserve.
Tendons and ligaments consist of which type of connective tissue?
Dense connective tissue.
Lifting weights will increase the size of which muscle type?
Skeletal muscle.
Which muscle types appear striated under a microscope?
Skeletal and cardiac muscle.
Which is not a homeostatic response: a) Bro eats whole chocolate cake and his blood glucose level doesn’t drastically change; b) jogger sweating; c) pupils constrict looking at light; d) exercises increase CO2 and lowers blood pH; e) Oxytocin is released by the hypothalamus during human childbirth?
e) Oxytocin is released by the hypothalamus during human childbirth.
When you exercise, a skeletal muscle increases its use of O2, which reduces the concentration of O2 in the muscle cells. What type of homeostatic control is this an example of?
Local homeostatic control.
What system coordinates other organ systems?
Nervous system.
Define tissue, organ, and organ system, and give an example of each.
Tissue: group of cells (e.g., epithelial). Organ: structure made of tissues (e.g., heart). Organ system: group of organs (e.g., circulatory system).
List the four basic tissue groups.
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
Name the major organ systems of vertebrate animals.
- Circulatory
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Musculoskeletal
- Immune
- Reproductive
- Integumentary
Define homeostasis.
The processes and activities responsible for maintaining a stable internal environment.
List the factors of the internal environment that are regulated homeostatically.
- Temperature
- pH
- Blood glucose levels
- Oxygen levels
- Electrolyte balance
Distinguish between local homeostatic controls and systemic homeostatic controls.
Local controls occur at the tissue or organ level, while systemic controls involve the entire organism.
Explain how a negative feedback control system maintains homeostasis.
It counteracts changes away from a set point to restore balance.
Define a set point in homeostasis.
The normal range or value for a homeostatic factor, which can change over time.
What is the definition of Anatomy?
Form- what does it look like? what is it made of?
What is the definition of Physiology?
Function- what does it do? how does it do it? what is its purpose?
What is Homeostasis?
Controlling multiple different things in the organism’s environment for optimum survival.
What is the smallest fundamental unit of life?
Cells
List the properties of living things that cells can carry out.
- Movement
- Respiration
- Sensitivity to environment
- Nutrition
- Excretion
- Growth
What does the principle ‘Structure determines Function’ imply?
There’s a reason why certain cells look the way they do.
What are some characteristics of cancerous cells compared to normal cells?
- Rapid reproduction
- Excess growth
- Require more nutrition
- Abnormal shape
What is one benefit of multicellularity?
Optimization and specialization to live in diverse conditions.
What are the levels of organization in biological systems?
Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ System (body system)
What is the function of Epithelial Stem Cells?
Ability to regenerate and proliferate.
What are the three types of Epithelial Cells?
- Squamous
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
What distinguishes Endocrine Glands from Exocrine Glands?
Endocrine Glands have no ducts and release hormones into the circulatory system.
What is the role of Fibroblasts in Connective Tissue?
Secretes proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM).
What is the Extra-Cellular Matrix (ECM)?
Material outside of cells that includes proteins and sugars.
What type of connective tissue is characterized by sparsely distributed fibroblast cells?
Loose Connective Tissue
What is the primary function of Blood as connective tissue?
Connecting different tissues together and providing support for nutrients.
What are the key cell types in bone tissue?
- Osteocytes
- Osteoblasts
- Osteoclasts
What is the function of Osteoblasts?
Build bone.
What type of tissue is Adipose Tissue and its primary function?
Richly supplied with blood vessels for fat storage, cushioning, and warmth.
What are the key proteins involved in Muscle Tissue contraction?
- Actin
- Myosin
What is the primary function of Nervous Tissue?
Send messages/lines of communication between body parts.
What is the key role of Homeostasis in biology?
To maintain a steady state level for survival.
What is the definition of Negative Feedback Control?
Process trying to return to a steady state after a stimulus.
What is a key example of Positive Feedback Control?
Childbirth, where contractions trigger oxytocin release.
What are biological rhythms, and give an example?
Steady state levels that can change; an example is Circadian Rhythm.
What is the difference between Acclimatization and Evolutionary Adaptation?
Acclimatization is a temporary physiological change; Evolutionary Adaptation is a genetic change over generations.
