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Bio 2 > Chapter 38 > Flashcards

Chapter 38 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which of the following sequences place the terms from simplest to more complex?

A

Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Human Body

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2
Q

Evolution of Multicellarity

A

-the transition begins with the evolution of cooperation, where cells unite together(b/c of environmental changes) and gain an advantage over solitary cells(predation)

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3
Q

Unicellular Organisms

A

-consists of only one cell that does everything
-Reproduce asexually(fragmentation, budding, and binary fission)
-More challenging for survival
-Interact directly with environment
Ex: Bacteria

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4
Q

Multicellularity

A

-Multiple different types of cells with different functions
-Macroscopic
-Most reproduce sexually
-Size of organism increases, as # of cells increase
-Don’t interact directly with environment to exchange materials
-Survival advantages

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5
Q

Levels of Organization in multicellular organism

A

Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue

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6
Q

Cell Theory

A

Humans contain 2 general classes of cells.
1. Somatic cells or body cells
2. Germ cells or reproductive cells: sperms and eggs

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7
Q

Tissues

A

-Made of cells that carry out a limited number of functions and they also form organs
-Formed by the same type of cells to act together in a function

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8
Q

Organ System

A

-functions share significant overlap
-Nervous system and endocrine system both operate via the shared organ, the hypothalamus

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9
Q

4 basic types of tissue

A
  1. Epithelial Tissue
  2. Connective Tissue
  3. Muscle Tissue
  4. Neural Tissue or Nervous Tissue
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10
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

lines internal passageways and covers exposed external surfaces, forms glands(such as exocrine and endocrine

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11
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Fill internal free spaces, transports materials like blood within the body, stores energy like triglycerides, and form supportive framework

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12
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Specialized in contraction, produce movement

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13
Q

Neural Tissue or Nervous Tissue

A

Generate and conducts nervous impulses

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14
Q

Junctions of various kinds link cells into tissues

A
  1. Tight Junctions
  2. Anchoring Junctions
  3. Gap Junctions
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15
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Plasma membrane proteins of adjacent cells interact to fuse the two cells partly together and thus create a barrier between cells(tissue lining the urinary bladder prevent waste molecules/ions from leaking out of the bladder into other body tissues

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16
Q

Anchoring Junctions

A

Form button like spots or belts that weld cells together(most abundant in tissues subject to stretching like skin and heart muscle)

17
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Open direct channels between cells in the same tissue(cardiac cells help heart contract in unison)

18
Q

Epithelium Tissue(epithelia)

A

-Covers body surfaces(skin)
-Lines body cavity and tubular structures
-Function: Form barriers between body’s internal and external environment and different fluid compartments in body

19
Q

Certain epithelia(such as those lining the stomach, intestine, and secretory glands) are able to

A

-Transport materials into the internal environment from outside(absorption)
-Transport materials from the internal environment to the outside(secretion)

20
Q

Epithelium Tissue Characteristics

A

-Highly cellular(exclusively made of cells)
-Highly polar(structural and functional differences b/w exposed and attached surfaces
-Avascular(lack blood vessels)
-Attached to basement membrane or basal lamina
-Ability to regenerate(damages epithelial cells can be replaced by the division of epithelial stem cells)

21
Q

Epithelial tissue functions

A

-Protect internal environment from abrasion and invasion of microorganisms
-Mediate exchange or materials(gases, ions, etc) b/w internal and external environments
-Absorption or secretion(produce glands(sweat, etc))

22
Q

General Structure of Epithelium: Barrier

A

-adjacent cells are joined by tight junctions that limit the passage of material through the spaces b/w cells(paracellular spaces)
-permit fluids on either side of cell layer to differ in composition
-Tight junctions important in maintaining homeostasis
-“tightness” of these junctions varies from location to location; tight epithelia have junctions with extremely low permeabilities, whereas leaky epithelia have junctions that are more permeable

23
Q

General Structure of an Epithelium: Absorption

A

-for absorption, cells that make up the epithelial tissue must transport substances inward across the membrane on one side of cell and outward across membrane on opp. side of cell.
-must possess different transport systems
-b/c membranes on the two sides are distinctly different(in both structure and function), epithelial cells are said to be polarized

24
Q

Classification of Epithelia Based on Cell Shape

A
  1. Squamous(flat)
  2. Cuboidal(box-like)
  3. Columnar(elongated)
25
Q

Squamous(flat)

A

-Scalelike, flat, thin, irregular shape

26
Q

Cuboidal(box-like)

A

-Cubelike, hexagonal boxes, nucleus round/circular located almost centrally

27
Q

Columnar(elongated)

A

Column-shaped, nucleus elongated located basally

28
Q

Classification of Epithelia: Number of Cell Layers

A

1.Simple
2. Stratified

29
Q

Simple Epithelia

A

Single layer of cells

30
Q

Stratified Epithelia(Multilayered)

A

2 or more layers of cells

31
Q

Polarity of Epithelial Tissue

A

-Apical Surface: Exposed to outside environment or fluid in body
-Basal Surface: Basal lamina or basement membrane. Anchors epithelia to the connective tissue

32
Q

Simple Squamous epithelium

A

-layer of flattened cells
-Locations: Blood vessel inner lining(endothelium) and air sacs of lungs
-Function:Diffusion

33
Q

Stratified Squamous epithelium

A

-Several layers of flattened cells
-Locations: Skin and other surfaces subject to abrasion such as the mouth, esophagus, and the vagina
Function:Protection against abrasion; usually not subject to secretion and absorption

34
Q

Cuboidal epithelium

A

-Layer of tubelike cells; free surface may have microvilli
-Locations: Glands(sweat, etc) and tubular parts of nephrons in kidneys
-Function: secretion and absorption

35
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

-Layer of tall, slender cells with nuclei near base. Free surface may have cilia or microvilli; may contain secretory vesicles
-Locations:Lining of gut, cervical canal and gallbladder
-Function:Secretion, absorption, such as secreting digestive enzymes and absorbing nutrients in the gut; protection; secreting mucus

36
Q

Simple pseudo(false)stratified columnar epithelium

A

-Single layer of columnar cells of differing heights; some cells do not reach the apical surface. b/c of this, nuclei are staggered.
-Locations:Nasal Cavities, trachea, and upper digestive tract; some parts of male reproductive system
-Function: Protection, secretes mucus and moves it across surface

37
Q

Stratified Columnar epithelium

A

-Locations: Small areas of the pharynx, epiglottis, anus, mammary glands, and salivary gland ducts, and urethra
-Function: Protection

38
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

-Locations: Urinary bladder; renal pelvis; ureters
-Functions: Permits repeated cycles of
stretching without damage

Bio 2 (1 decks)

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