Chapter 36 Flashcards
What is Respiration?
The physiological process by which an animal exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with its environment.
What is Respiration dependant on?
It depends on the tendency of gaseous oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse down their concentration gradients between the external and internal environments.
True or False: More O2 dissolves in cooler, fast flowing water than in warm, still water.
True.
What is a Respiratory Surface?
A moistened layer thin enough for gases to diffuse across, this is where gases enter and exit an internal environment. Gases diffuse only across small distances, and only if dissolved in liquid.
What three factors affect diffusion rates?
- Surface to Volume Ratio - more molecules diffuse across a large respiratory surface than a small one. 2. Ventilation - moving air or water past a respiratory surface keeps the pressure gradient across the surface high and thus increases the rate of gas exchange.3. Respiratory Proteins - they help maintain a steep partial pressure gradient for oxygen between the cells and blood.
What are Respiratory Proteins?
Proteins that house one or more metal ions that bind oxygen atoms when oxygen levels are high and release them when oxygen levels fall.
List the two Respiratory Proteins.
- Hemoglobin - an iron-containing respiratory protein that occurs in vertebrate red blood cells and circles freely in other organisms. Hemerythrin (iron) or hemocyanin (copper) is used in other invertebrates.2. Myoglobin - a heme-containing protein in muscle of vertebrates and some invertebrates that helps stabilize the oxygen level inside cells.
What is Integumentary Exchange?
A mode of respiration that occurs in small-bodied invertebrates of aquatic or continually moist habitats where gases just diffuse across the body surface covering (the integument). This is the simplest form of respiration.
What do many aquatic invertebrates call their thin-walled, moist respiratory organs?
Gills. Extensively folded gill walls increase the respiratory surface area and gas exchange rates between body fluids and the outside.
What is a Tracheal System?
An internal respiratory surface that consists of repeatedly branching, air-filled tubes. They have no need for respiratory proteins to carry gases.
What are Book Lungs and what can they be found in?
They can be found in spiders; book lungs are respiratory organs where the air and blood flow through spaces separated only by thin sheets of tissue. Hemocyanin is used.
What is a defining trait of chordates?
Gill Slits (openings across a pharynx).
True or False: Most adult fish have external gills.
False, most adult fish have internal gills located inside a slit or a pouch that opens to the body surface.
What is Countercurrent Exchange? (Happens in fish)
A process where two fluids flow in opposite directions and exchange substances. It boosts the oxygen uptake from water.
What is this? A saclike respiratory organ located inside a body cavity and connected by airways to the outside air.
The lung.
True or False: Reptiles, birds, and mammals have waterproof skin and no gills as adults and exchange gases in two well-developed lungs.
True, chest muscles draw the air inward. The respiratory surface area is large and serviced by many blood capillaries.
True or False: Birds exchange gas at the ends of the smallest airways.
False. In reptiles and mammals gas exchange occurs at the ends of the smallest airways, but in birds there are no “dead ends” and instead there are tiny tubes that convey air through the lungs to air sacs that serve as the respiratory surface.
What role does the rib cage have in respiration?
Their rhythmic contraction and relaxation cause air to move into and out of the paired lungs.
List some of the additional roles of the respiratory system.
The human respiratory system functions in gas exchange. It also has roles in sense of smell, voice production, body defenses, acid–base balance, and temperature regulation.
What is the Oral Cavity?
The mouth, supplemental airway when breathing is laboured.
What is the Nasal Cavity?
Chamber in which air is moistened, warmed, and filtered, and in which sounds resonate.
What is the Pharynx?
The throat, an airway connecting nasal cavity and mouth with larynx; enhances sounds; also connects with esophagus.
What is the Epiglottis?
Closes off larynx during swallowing.