chapter 36

Question 1

2 groups of Angiosperm—not taxonomic categories

Answer 1

Tissues are the same but they are arranged differently in the
roots, stems and leaves

Monocots
herbaceous—do not form wood; only have primary tissues flowers—parts are in threes or multiples of threes
leaf veins are parallel

Eudicots
herbaceous and woody (have secondary tissues)
flowers—parts are in fours or fives or multiples of fours
or fives leaf veins are net-veined

Question 2

Plant Body Organization

Answer 2

A vascular plant consists of
Root system
Anchors the plant
Used to absorb water and ions
Shoot system
Consists of supporting stems, photosynthetic leaves, and reproductive flowers
Iterative unit consists of internode, node, leaf, and axillary bud

Question 3

3 basic tissue types
Dermal – outer protective cover
Ground – function in storage, photosynthesis, and secretion
Vascular – conducts fluids and dissolved substances

Tissues consist of one or more cell types

Answer 3

Meristems –areas of active cell division

apical meristems—extension of shoot and root
shoot meristem—tips of stems
root meristem—tips of roots
lateral meristems produce an increase in shoot and root diameter vascular cambium cork cambium

Question 4

Apical meristems—give rise to primary tissues which are collectively called the primary plant body

Apical meristems composed of delicate cells that need protection
Root cap protects root apical meristem
Leaf primordia protect shoot apical meristem

Answer 4

Lateral meristems
Found in plants that exhibit secondary growth
Give rise to secondary tissues which are collectively called the secondary plant body
Woody plants have two types
Cork cambium produces outer bark
Vascular cambium produces secondary vascular tissue
Secondary xylem is the main component of wood
Secondary phloem

Question 5

Plant Tissues

Answer 5

Three main types of tissue
Dermal (epidermis)
On external surfaces that serves a protective function
Ground (cortex, pith, mesophyll (leaves))
Forms several different internal tissue types and can participate in photosynthesis, serve a storage function, or provide structural support
Vascular (xylem, phloem)
Conducts water and nutrients

Question 6

Dermal Tissue

Answer 6

Forms the epidermis
One cell layer thick in most plants
Forms the outer protective covering of the plant
Covered with a fatty cutin layer constituting the cuticle
Contains special cells, including guard cells, trichomes, and root hairs

Question 7

Guard cells
Paired sausage-shaped cells
Flank a stoma – epidermal opening
Passageway for oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor

Answer 7

Trichomes
Cellular or multicellular hairlike outgrowths of the epidermis
Keep leaf surfaces cool and reduce evaporation by covering stomatal openings
Some are glandular, secreting substances that deter herbivory

Question 8

Roots hairs
Tubular extensions of individual epidermal cells
Greatly increase the root’s surface area and efficiency of absorption
Should not be confused with lateral roots

Answer 8

hey

Question 9

Ground Tissue(cortex, pith, mesophyll)

Answer 9

3 cell types
Parenchyma
Function in storage, photosynthesis, and secretion
Collenchyma 
Provide support and protection
Sclerenchyma
Provide support and protection

Question 10

Vascular Tissue

Answer 10

Xylem
Principal water-conducting tissue, conducts
inorganic ions and supports the plant body
Tracheids
Dead cells that taper at the end and overlap one another
Vessels—vessel members (elements) tend to be shorter and wider than tracheids
Continuous tubes of dead cylindrical cells arranged end-to-end
More efficient at transporting water

Question 11

Xylem

Transpiration – diffusion of water vapor from plant

Answer 11

Phloem
Principal food-conducting tissue in vascular plants
Contains two types of elongated cells
Sieve cells (seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms) and sieve tube members (elements) (angiosperms)
Living cells that contain clusters of pores called sieve areas or sieve plates

Sieve-tube members are more specialized (more efficient)
Associated with companion cells

Question 12

Roots

Answer 12

Simpler pattern of organization and development than stems
Four regions are commonly recognized:
Root cap
Zone of cell division
Zone of elongation
Zone of maturation

Question 13

Casprian strip

Answer 13

strip of wax, that regulates what goees into the cel

Question 14

pericycle

Answer 14

form secondary roots

Question 15

Modified Roots

Answer 15

Most plants produce either/or:
Taproot system – single large root with small branch roots
Fibrous root system – many small roots of similar diameter
Some plants, however, produce modified roots with specific functions
Adventitious roots arise from any place other than the plant’s root

Question 16

Stems

Answer 16

Like roots, stems contain the three types of plant tissue
Also undergo growth from cell division in apical and lateral stems
Shoot apical meristem initiates stem tissue and intermittently produces primordia
Develop into leaves, other shoots, and even flowers

Question 17

Node – point of attachment of leaf to stem
Internode – area of stem between two nodes
Blade – flattened part of leaf
Petiole – stalk of leaf
Axil – angle between petiole/blade and stem
Axillary bud – develops into branches with leaves or may form flowers
Terminal bud – extends the shoot system during the growing season

Answer 17

In woody eudicots, a vascular cambium develops between the primary xylem and phloem
Connects the ring of primary vascular bundles

In monocots, there is no vascular cambium – no secondary growth

Question 18

Rings in the stump of a tree reveal annual patterns of vascular cambium growth
Cell size depends on growth conditions
In woody eudicots and gymnosperms, the cork cambium arises in the outer cortex
Produces boxlike cork cells on outside and parenchyma-like phelloderm cells on inside
Collectively called the periderm
Cork cells contain suberin–waterproofing

Answer 18

Periderm – cork cambium, cork, and phelloderm

Forms outer bark—suberized cells

Question 19

Lenticels – Cork cambium produces unsuberized cells that permit gas exchange to continue

Answer 19

Bulbs – swollen underground stems, consisting of fleshy leaves
Corms – superficially resemble bulbs, but have no fleshy leaves
Rhizomes – horizontal underground stems, with adventitious roots

Question 20

Runners and stolons – horizontal stems with long internodes that grow along the surface of the ground

Answer 20

Tubers – swollen tips of rhizomes that contain carbohydrates
Tendrils – twine around supports and aid in climbing
Cladophylls – flattened photosynthetic stems resembling leaves

Question 21

Leaves

Answer 21

Initiated as primordia by the apical meristems
Principal site of photosynthesis
2 different morphological groups
Microphyll
Leaf with one vein branching from the vascular cylinder
of the stem and not extending the full length of the leaf
Phylum Lycophyta
Megaphylls
Several to many veins
Most plants

Question 22

Most eudicot leaves have a flattened blade
Slender stalk called petiole
Leaf flattening increases photosynthetic surface

Answer 22

Leaves may have stipules
Outgrowths at base of petiole
May be leaf-forming or modified as spines
Veins
Vascular bundles in leaves
main veins are parallel in most monocot leaves
Veins of eudicots form an often intricate network

Question 23

Simple leaves contain undivided blades
May have teeth, indentations, or lobes
Compound leaves have blades that are divided into leaflets

Answer 23

The leaf’s surface is covered by transparent epidermal cells
Most have no chloroplasts
Epidermis has a waxy cuticle—prevents drying out
Different types of glands and trichomes may be present
Lower epidermis contains numerous stomata flanked by guard cells

Question 24

Most eudicot leaves have 2 types of mesophyll
Palisade mesophyll – usually two rows of tightly packed chlorenchyma cells—primary site of photosynthesis
Spongy mesophyll – loosely arranged cells with many air spaces in between
Function in gas exchange and water vapor exit
Monocot leaves – mesophyll is usually not differentiated into palisade/spongy layers

Answer 24

jack

Question 25

Modified Leaves

Answer 25

Floral leaves (bracts) – surround true flowers and behave as showy petals 
Spines – reduce water loss and may deter predators
Reproductive leaves – plantlets capable of growing independently into full-sized

Question 26

Shade leaves – larger in surface area but with less mesophyll than sun-lit leaves
Insectivorous leaves – trap insects
Pitcher plants have cone-shaped leaves that accumulate rainwater
Sundews have glands that secrete sticky mucilage
Venus flytrap have hinged leaves that snap shut

Answer 26

happy