Chapter 35: Vascular Plant Structure, Growth And Development

Question 1

Root System

Answer 1

All of the plant’s roots, which anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food

Question 2

Shoot System

Answer 2

The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and flowers.

Question 3

Root

Answer 3

An organ that anchors a vascular plant in the soil, absorbs minerals and water, and often stores carbohydrates and other reserves

Question 4

Lateral roots

Answer 4

A root that arises from the pericycle of an established root

Question 5

Taproot

Answer 5

A main vertical root that develops from an embryonic root and gives rise ro lateral, or branch roots

Question 6

Root hairs

Answer 6

A tiny extension of a root epidermal cell, growing just behind the root tip and increasing surface area for absorption of water and minerals

Question 7

Stem

Answer 7

A vascular plant organ consisting of an alternating system of nodes and internodes that support the leaves and reproductive structures

Question 8

Nodes

Answer 8

A point along the stem of a plant at which the leaves are attached

Question 9

Internodes

Answer 9

A segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are attached

Question 10

Apical Bud

Answer 10

A bud at the tip of a plant stem; also called a terminal bud

Question 11

Axillary bud

Answer 11

A structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch. The bud appears in the angle formed between a leaf and a stem

Question 12

Leaf

Answer 12

The main photosynthetic organ of a plant. Also exchanges gases with the atmosphere, dissipate heat, and defend themselves from herbivores and pathogens.

Question 13

Petiole

Answer 13

The stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem

Question 14

Tissue System

Answer 14

One or more tissues organized into a functional unit connecting the organs of a plant

Question 15

Dermal Tissue

Answer 15

The outer protective covering of plants

Question 16

Epidermis

Answer 16

The dermal tissue of non woody plants, usually consisting of a single layer of tightly packed cells.

Question 17

Periderm

Answer 17

The protective coat that replaces the epidermis in woody plants during secondary growth, formed on the cork and cork cambium

Question 18

Guard cells

Answer 18

The two cells that flank the stomata pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore

Question 19

Trichome

Answer 19

An epidermal cell that is highly specialized, often hairlike outgrowth on a plant shoot

Question 20

Vascular Tissue

Answer 20

Facilitates the transport of materials through the plant and to provide mechanical support

Question 21

Xylem

Answer 21

Conducts water and dissolved minerals upwards from roots into the shoots

Question 22

Phloem

Answer 22

Transports sugars, the products of photosynthesis, from where they are made to where they are needed

Question 23

Stele

Answer 23

The vascular tissue of a stem or root.

Question 24

Ground tissue

Answer 24

Plant tissue that is neither vascular nor dermal, fulfilling a variety of functions, such as storage, photosynthesis, and support.

Question 25

Pith

Answer 25

Ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue in a stem; in many monocot roots, parenchyma cells that form the central core of the vascular cylinder

Question 26

Cortex

Answer 26

Ground tissue that is external to the vascular tissue

Question 27

Meristems

Answer 27

Plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, allowing for indeterminate growth.

Question 28

Indeterminate growth

Answer 28

A type of growth characteristic of plants, in which the organism continues to grow as long as it lives

Question 29

Determinate growth

Answer 29

A type of growth characteristic of most animals and some plant organs, in which growt stops after a certain size is reached

Question 30

Apical Meristems

Answer 30

A localized region at a growing tip of a plant body where one or more cells divide repeatedly. The dividing cells of an apical meristem enable the plant to grow in length.

Question 31

Lateral meristems

Answer 31

A meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of a woody plant

Question 32

Primary growth

Answer 32

Growth produced by apical meristems, lengthening stems and roots

Question 33

Secondary growth

Answer 33

Growth produced by lateral meristems, thickening the roots and shoots of woody plants

Question 34

Vascaular cambium

Answer 34

A cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that adds layers of secondary vascular tissue called secondary xylem and secondary phloem

Question 35

Cork cambium

Answer 35

A cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that replaces the epidermis with thicker, rougher cork cells

Question 36

Primary Meristem

Answer 36

The three meristemicatic derivatives or an apical meristem

• protoderm
• procambium
• ground meristem

Question 37

Root cap

Answer 37

A cone of cells at the tip of a plant that protects the apical meristem

Question 38

Endodermis

Answer 38

In plant roots, the innermost layer of the cortex that surrounds the vascular cylinder

Question 39

Pericycle

Answer 39

The outermost layer in the vascular cylinder from which the lateral roots arise

Question 40

Apical Dominance

Answer 40

Tendency for growth to be concentrated at the tip of a plant shoot because the apical bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth

Question 41

Leaf primordium

Answer 41

A finger-like projection along the flank of a shoot apical meristem, from which a leaf arises.

Question 42

Bark

Answer 42

All tissues external to the vascular cambium, consisting mainly of the secondary phloem and layers of periderm

Question 43

Lenticels

Answer 43

A small raised area in the bark of stems and roots that enables gas exchange between living cells and outside air.