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Biology 123-80 > Chapter 35 - Plant Structure, Growth, and Development > Flashcards

Chapter 35 - Plant Structure, Growth, and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Redwood is a…

A

gymnosperm (seeds on cones)

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2
Q

A flowering plant is a…

A

angiosperm (seeds in fruits)

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3
Q

Plants absorb water and minerals through…

A

roots.

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4
Q

Plants absorb the sun’s energy and carbon dioxide through…

A

shoots (stem and leaves).

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5
Q

What are the plant roots’ functions?

A
  • anchor plant
  • store food
  • absorb water and minerals
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6
Q

What are the plant shoots’ functions?

A
  • provide support
  • carry out photosynthesis
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7
Q

Modifications are _____ for plants.

A

adaptations

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8
Q

Root Modifications

A
  • store food
  • large taproots store starches
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9
Q

Stem Modifications

A

(1) stolon = asexual reproduction
(2) rhizomes = storage, asexual reproduction
(3) tubers = storage, asexual reproduction
(4) cactus stem = water storage, photosynthesis

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10
Q

Leaf Modifications

A
  • protection (like cactus spine)
  • climbing (pea plant tendril - coily, climb up support)
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11
Q

What three tissues make up the plant body?

A

(1) dermal = outer protective covering
(2) vascular = support / long distance transport
(3) ground = bulk of plant body / food production / storage / support

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12
Q

Epidermis

A

tightly packed layer of cells (dermal)

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13
Q

Cuticle

A

waxy layer that reduces water loss (dermal)

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14
Q

Xylem

A

provides support that conducts water and nutrients upward from the root (vascular)

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15
Q

Phloem

A

forms food conducting tissue / carries food (vascular)

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16
Q

Pith

A

soft, spongy central cylinder (ground)

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17
Q

Cortex

A

outer region of organ or structure (ground)

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18
Q

Mesophyll

A

leaf ground tissue

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19
Q

How are plants distinguished from animals?

A
  • chloroplasts used for photosynthesis
  • fluid filled vacuole
  • cell wall of cellulose
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20
Q

What are the layers of a cell wall?

A

(1) primary cell wall = outermost layer
(2) secondary cell wall = tough layer inside

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21
Q

Middle Lamella

A

sticky layer between that connects

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22
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

openings that allow cells to communicate / exchange materials easily

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23
Q

What are the 5 main types of plant cells?

A
  • Parenchyma cells
    – Collenchyma cells
    – Sclerenchyma cells
    – Water-conducting cells
    – Food-conducting cells
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24
Q

Parenchyma Cells

A
  • most abundant - thin primary cell wall - no secondary cell wall - alive - photosynthesis, food and water storage
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25
Q

Collenchyma Cells

A
  • unevenly thick primary cell wall - no secondary cell wall - alive - provide flexible support
26
Q

Sclerenchyma Cells

A
  • thick secondary cell wall with lignin - dead - ridgid support - fibers (long thin in bundles) - sclereids (shorter present in nut shells and pear tissues)
27
Q

Water Conducting Cells (tracheid / vessel)

A
  • thick secondary cell wall - dead - chains between them form xylem
28
Q

Food Conducting Cells (sieve tube members)

A
  • no secondary cell wall - alive with no organelles - chains of them form phloem
29
Q

Companion Cells

A
  • have organelles
  • control sieve tube members
30
Q

Plant growth is indeterminate.

A

(1) Annuals = complete life cycle in 1 year
(2) Biennials = complete life cycle in 2 years
(3) Perennials = live for many years

31
Q

Animal growth is determinate.

A

stops after a certain size

32
Q

Meristems

A
  • where plants grow
  • regions of active cell division
33
Q

Apical Meristems

A
  • found at tips of roots and shoots
  • where primary growth
34
Q

The apical meristems of root tips are covered by a…

A

root cap

35
Q

Root growth happens in 3 zones.

A

(1) zone of cell division = apical meristem
(2) zone of cell elongation = lengthens 10x
(3) zone of maturation = into 3 cell tissues

36
Q

Apical meristems at shoot tips happen as _____.

A

buds in stem / base of leaves
+ Vascular tissue here is called primary vascular tissue with primary xylem and phloem

37
Q

Lateral Meristems

A
  • where secondary growth occurs
  • areas of active cell division that are in 2 cylinders along roots and shoots
38
Q

Vascular Cambium

A

lateral meristem between primary xylem and phloem

39
Q

Cork Cambium

A

lateral meristem at the outer edge of stem cortex

40
Q

What 2 directions does the vascular cambium produce cells in?

A

(1) secondary xylem = produce wood toward stem interior
(2) secondary phloem = produce inner bark toward stem exterior

41
Q

What direction does cork cambium produce cells in?

A

produces outer bark made of cork cells

42
Q

Wood Rays

A
  • parenchyma tissue that radiate from
    the stem’s center
  • lateral transport and storage
43
Q

Most transport is near the vascular cambium.

A

(1) sapwood = transports water
(2) heartwood = stores resin and waste
(3) sugars = transport in secondary phloem

44
Q

What are the 4 types of leaves (flower organs)?

A

(1) sepals = close and protect flower bud
(2) petals = showy / attract pollinators
(3) stamens = male reproductive structures
(4) carpels = female reproductive structures

45
Q

Parts of a stamen are…

A
  • anther = produces pollen that has sperm
  • filament = elevates anther
46
Q

Parts of a carpel are…

A
  • stigma = pollination site
  • style = neck to the ovary
  • ovary = had ovules which have eggs
47
Q

The diploid generation is called…

A

sporophyte.

48
Q

The haploid generation is called…

A

gametophyte.

49
Q

The male gametophyte is…

A

pollen grain.

50
Q

The female gametophyte is…

A

embryo sac.

51
Q

Pollination

A
  • transfer of pollen from anther to stigma
52
Q

Double Fertilization

A

+ One sperm fertilizes egg to make zygote
+ One sperm fuses with central cell nuclei to produce 3n endosperm
+ endosperm nourishes embryo

53
Q

The zygote divides to…

A

produce embryo.

54
Q

The embryo consists of…

A
  • tiny root
  • shoot apical meristems
  • 1 or 2 cotyledons
55
Q

Seed Dormancy

A

+ embryo growth / development are suspended
+ delays until good conditions

56
Q

Eudicot Seeds

A

+ 2 cotyledons
+ Apical meristems lack protective sheaths
+ Endosperm absorbed by cotyledons

57
Q

Monocot Seeds

A

+ Single cotyledon
+ Apical meristems have a protective sheaths
+ Endosperm is present

58
Q

The ovary develops into a fruit by what trigger?

A

hormonal changes induced by fertilization

59
Q

Germination…

A

+ breaks seed dormancy
+ starts when water is taken up

60
Q

Clones

A
  • genetically identical offspring
  • through asexual reproduction
  • via bulbs, root sprouts, and runners
  • propagated by taking cuttings
  • can be cultured in tubes
61
Q

What is thought to be the oldest organism?

A

4,600 year old pine tree

62
Q

What adaptions make plants live longer than animals?

A

– Constant cell division in meristems can repair damage
– Plants produce defensive compounds that protect them

Biology 123-80 (1 decks)

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