Chapter 35: Introduction to Flowering Plant Form & Function Flashcards
What are the 3 basic plant organs ?
Roots , Stems and Leaves
What is a root system ?
contains water & minerals
is below ground
what is a shoot system ?
contains CO2 & light
is above ground
what is an organ ?
several types of tissues which carry out particular functions
what is tissue ?
group of cells consisting of one or more cell types that together perform a specialized function
__________ rely on carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis in aerial shoot system
roots
________ rely on water & minerals absorbed by underground root system
shoots
______________ tissue conducts sugar , water , minerals throughout the plant
what’s another name for this tissue ?
Vascular ; Conductive
what does a root function in ?
- anchoring plant
- absorbing water & minerals
- storing carbohydrates; Amyloplasts (starch-containing plastids)
__________ root system is a monocot
Fibrous
what is another term for a fibrous root ?
adventitious
what roots form from the adventitious roots ?
lateral (similar in size)
which root system is a eudicot ?
taproot
ex: carrot
where does absorption of water & minerals occur ?
near root tips
root hairs increase _________.
Surface Area
Growing shoot tip (________ bud): elongation of a young shoot - stem growth
apical
_____________ bud forms vegetative or reproductive shoot
axillary
what are internodes ?
stem segments between nodes
________ is an organ consisting of alternating nodes where leaves are attached (conduits for water & nutrients)
stem
what are leaves ?
vegetative parts of a plant , photosynthetic organ of vascular plants , flattened blade & stalk (petiole) joined to stem
________ intercept light, exchange gases, dissipate heat, defend from herbivores & pathogens
leaves
_________ leaves similar to a bird feather; has several branching veins
pinnate
_________ leaves are similar to a hand palm/maple leaf; one major vein from which other veins branch
palmate
what is venation ?
leaf vascular tissue arrangement
monocots have _________ venation
parallel
eudicots have _________ venation
branching
__________ leaf has one blade connected to a petiole
simple
_________ leaf has several leaflets that share one petiole
compound
___________ tissue prevents damage & water-loss; support. Similar to plasma membrane
dermal
__________ tissue undergoes photosynthesis; food storage; support
ground
___________ tissue aka __________ tissue conducts minerals, H2O, & has photosynthetic products; support (turgid pressure - hydrostatic)
vascular; conductive
in __________ plants: epidermis is a thin layer of cells
herbaceous
_________ is the waxy coating preventing ____________.
cuticle ; water loss
________ plants: protective tissue (periderm) replaces epidermis i’m older stem & root regions
woody
ex: bark
____________: shoot epidermal outgrowths also reducing water loss, insect defense
trichomes
__________: are root epidermal outgrowths; maximizes water absorption (increases surface area)
root hairs
__________ conducts water & dissolved minerals upward from roots into shoots (via transpiration)
xylem
________ transports sugars & photosynthetic products throughout plant; moves from source to sink
phloem
in the ground tissue system what is external to vascular tissue and what is internal to vascular tissue ?
external: cortex ; internal: pith
vascular tissue of root or stem is collectively called ________
stele
______________ is the specialization of cells in structure & function
cellular differentiation
what are the major types of plant cells ?
parenchyma , collenchyma , & sclerenchyma (all ground tissue cells), water-conducting cells of the xylem and sugar-conducting cells of the phloem (vascular (conductive) tissue cells))
_________ cells are thin, have flexible walls, least specialized, function depends on location, contained chloroplast in leaves
(roots, leaves , stems)
parenchyma
_____________ cells group in strands, support apical shoot, has thicker uneven cell walls, flexible support w/o growth
collenchyma
__________ cells have rigid (thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin, dead at functional maturity)
sclerenchyma
what is lignin ?
a strengthening polymer
name and describe the two types of sclerenchyma cells …
sclereids: short, irregular in shape, thick lignified secondary walls
fibers: long, slender, arranged in threads
what are the two types of water-conducting cells of xylem ?
tracheids and vessel elements
tracheids is present in xylem of all _______________.
vascular plants (gymnosperms & angiosperms)
vessel elements are only present in ______________.
angiosperms
______________ allows water to leave and enables gas exchange
stomata
_________ __________: are alive at functional maturity but lack organelles
sieve-tube elements
__________ _________: porous end walls, allow fluid flow between cells along sieve tube
sieve plates
___________ cell: nucleus & ribosomes help development & function
companion
what kind of growth does a plant have ?
indeterminate growth
___________: perpetually embryonic tissue; allows for indeterminate growth (generate new cells for primate & secondary growth)
meristems
____________ growth: cease to grow at a certain age/size
determinate
___________ meristems are primary growth (vertical growth)
apical
__________ meristems are secondary growth (horizontal growth)
lateral
_____________ ______________ adds layers of vascular tissue; secondary xylem (wood) & secondary phloem
vascular cambium
_________ ____________ replaces epidermis with periderm (thicker & tougher)
cork cambium
what covers a root tip and protects apical meristem as the root pushes through soil ?
root tip
growth occurs behind the root tip, in 3 cell zones .. what are those zones in order ?
- zone of cell division
- zone of elongation
- zone of differentiation (maturation)
______________ is the inner-most vortex layer
endodermis
leaves develop from _______ __________ among sides of apical meristem
leaf primordia
how do axillary buds develop ?
from meristematic cells at the base of leaf primordia
_______________ have vascular tissue consisting of vascular bundles arranged in a ring
eudicots
____________ have vascular bundles that are scattered throughout ground tissue (no ring; vascular cambium)
monocots
_________ function as a leaf’s skeleton
veins
____________ _____________ - upper part of leaf (photosynthesis)
palisade mesophyll
_____________ _____________ - lower part of the leaf (where gas exchange occurs)
spongy mesophyll
“______________ growth” increase girth of a stem
horizontal
__________ xylem accumulates as wood consisting of tracheids, vessel elements, & fibers
secondary
______ wood formed in spring , large cells with thin cell walls to maximize water delivery (heartwood/springwood)
early
_______ wood formed in late summer with thick-walled small cells for stem support (sapwood)
late
