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Bio Lecture: Module 3 (35,37,36 & 39) > Chapter 35: Introduction to Flowering Plant Form & Function > Flashcards

Chapter 35: Introduction to Flowering Plant Form & Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 basic plant organs ?

A

Roots , Stems and Leaves

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2
Q

What is a root system ?

A

contains water & minerals

is below ground

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3
Q

what is a shoot system ?

A

contains CO2 & light

is above ground

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4
Q

what is an organ ?

A

several types of tissues which carry out particular functions

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5
Q

what is tissue ?

A

group of cells consisting of one or more cell types that together perform a specialized function

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6
Q

__________ rely on carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis in aerial shoot system

A

roots

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7
Q

________ rely on water & minerals absorbed by underground root system

A

shoots

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8
Q

______________ tissue conducts sugar , water , minerals throughout the plant

what’s another name for this tissue ?

A

Vascular ; Conductive

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9
Q

what does a root function in ?

A
  • anchoring plant
  • absorbing water & minerals
  • storing carbohydrates; Amyloplasts (starch-containing plastids)
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10
Q

__________ root system is a monocot

A

Fibrous

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11
Q

what is another term for a fibrous root ?

A

adventitious

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12
Q

what roots form from the adventitious roots ?

A

lateral (similar in size)

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13
Q

which root system is a eudicot ?

A

taproot

ex: carrot

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14
Q

where does absorption of water & minerals occur ?

A

near root tips

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15
Q

root hairs increase _________.

A

Surface Area

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16
Q

Growing shoot tip (________ bud): elongation of a young shoot - stem growth

A

apical

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17
Q

_____________ bud forms vegetative or reproductive shoot

A

axillary

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18
Q

what are internodes ?

A

stem segments between nodes

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19
Q

________ is an organ consisting of alternating nodes where leaves are attached (conduits for water & nutrients)

A

stem

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20
Q

what are leaves ?

A

vegetative parts of a plant , photosynthetic organ of vascular plants , flattened blade & stalk (petiole) joined to stem

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21
Q

________ intercept light, exchange gases, dissipate heat, defend from herbivores & pathogens

A

leaves

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22
Q

_________ leaves similar to a bird feather; has several branching veins

A

pinnate

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23
Q

_________ leaves are similar to a hand palm/maple leaf; one major vein from which other veins branch

A

palmate

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24
Q

what is venation ?

A

leaf vascular tissue arrangement

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25
Q

monocots have _________ venation

A

parallel

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26
Q

eudicots have _________ venation

A

branching

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27
Q

__________ leaf has one blade connected to a petiole

A

simple

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28
Q

_________ leaf has several leaflets that share one petiole

A

compound

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29
Q

___________ tissue prevents damage & water-loss; support. Similar to plasma membrane

A

dermal

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30
Q

__________ tissue undergoes photosynthesis; food storage; support

A

ground

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31
Q

___________ tissue aka __________ tissue conducts minerals, H2O, & has photosynthetic products; support (turgid pressure - hydrostatic)

A

vascular; conductive

32
Q

in __________ plants: epidermis is a thin layer of cells

A

herbaceous

33
Q

_________ is the waxy coating preventing ____________.

A

cuticle ; water loss

34
Q

________ plants: protective tissue (periderm) replaces epidermis i’m older stem & root regions

A

woody

ex: bark

35
Q

____________: shoot epidermal outgrowths also reducing water loss, insect defense

A

trichomes

36
Q

__________: are root epidermal outgrowths; maximizes water absorption (increases surface area)

A

root hairs

37
Q

__________ conducts water & dissolved minerals upward from roots into shoots (via transpiration)

A

xylem

38
Q

________ transports sugars & photosynthetic products throughout plant; moves from source to sink

A

phloem

39
Q

in the ground tissue system what is external to vascular tissue and what is internal to vascular tissue ?

A

external: cortex ; internal: pith

40
Q

vascular tissue of root or stem is collectively called ________

A

stele

41
Q

______________ is the specialization of cells in structure & function

A

cellular differentiation

42
Q

what are the major types of plant cells ?

A

parenchyma , collenchyma , & sclerenchyma (all ground tissue cells), water-conducting cells of the xylem and sugar-conducting cells of the phloem (vascular (conductive) tissue cells))

43
Q

_________ cells are thin, have flexible walls, least specialized, function depends on location, contained chloroplast in leaves

(roots, leaves , stems)

A

parenchyma

44
Q

_____________ cells group in strands, support apical shoot, has thicker uneven cell walls, flexible support w/o growth

A

collenchyma

45
Q

__________ cells have rigid (thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin, dead at functional maturity)

A

sclerenchyma

46
Q

what is lignin ?

A

a strengthening polymer

47
Q

name and describe the two types of sclerenchyma cells …

A

sclereids: short, irregular in shape, thick lignified secondary walls
fibers: long, slender, arranged in threads

48
Q

what are the two types of water-conducting cells of xylem ?

A

tracheids and vessel elements

49
Q

tracheids is present in xylem of all _______________.

A

vascular plants (gymnosperms & angiosperms)

50
Q

vessel elements are only present in ______________.

A

angiosperms

51
Q

______________ allows water to leave and enables gas exchange

A

stomata

52
Q

_________ __________: are alive at functional maturity but lack organelles

A

sieve-tube elements

53
Q

__________ _________: porous end walls, allow fluid flow between cells along sieve tube

A

sieve plates

54
Q

___________ cell: nucleus & ribosomes help development & function

A

companion

55
Q

what kind of growth does a plant have ?

A

indeterminate growth

56
Q

___________: perpetually embryonic tissue; allows for indeterminate growth (generate new cells for primate & secondary growth)

A

meristems

57
Q

____________ growth: cease to grow at a certain age/size

A

determinate

58
Q

___________ meristems are primary growth (vertical growth)

A

apical

59
Q

__________ meristems are secondary growth (horizontal growth)

A

lateral

60
Q

_____________ ______________ adds layers of vascular tissue; secondary xylem (wood) & secondary phloem

A

vascular cambium

61
Q

_________ ____________ replaces epidermis with periderm (thicker & tougher)

A

cork cambium

62
Q

what covers a root tip and protects apical meristem as the root pushes through soil ?

A

root tip

63
Q

growth occurs behind the root tip, in 3 cell zones .. what are those zones in order ?

A
  • zone of cell division
  • zone of elongation
  • zone of differentiation (maturation)
64
Q

______________ is the inner-most vortex layer

A

endodermis

65
Q

leaves develop from _______ __________ among sides of apical meristem

A

leaf primordia

66
Q

how do axillary buds develop ?

A

from meristematic cells at the base of leaf primordia

67
Q

_______________ have vascular tissue consisting of vascular bundles arranged in a ring

A

eudicots

68
Q

____________ have vascular bundles that are scattered throughout ground tissue (no ring; vascular cambium)

A

monocots

69
Q

_________ function as a leaf’s skeleton

A

veins

70
Q

____________ _____________ - upper part of leaf (photosynthesis)

A

palisade mesophyll

71
Q

_____________ _____________ - lower part of the leaf (where gas exchange occurs)

A

spongy mesophyll

72
Q

“______________ growth” increase girth of a stem

A

horizontal

73
Q

__________ xylem accumulates as wood consisting of tracheids, vessel elements, & fibers

A

secondary

74
Q

______ wood formed in spring , large cells with thin cell walls to maximize water delivery (heartwood/springwood)

A

early

75
Q

_______ wood formed in late summer with thick-walled small cells for stem support (sapwood)

A

late

Bio Lecture: Module 3 (35,37,36 & 39) (2 decks)

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