Chapter 35 and 60

Question 1

What is osteoblasts function?

Answer 1

build bone

Question 2

What is osteocytes function?

Answer 2

maintenance of bone (located in lacunae)

Question 3

What is osteoclasts function?

Answer 3

remodeling bone

Question 4

Where is the osteocyte located?

Answer 4

lacunae

Question 5

Where are the osteoclasts located?

Answer 5

Howship Lacunae

Question 6

What is the epiphysis?

Answer 6

End of a long bone

Question 7

What is the matrix?

Answer 7

consists of collagen and ground substances (glycoproteins and proteoglycans) that provide a framework in which inorganic mineral salts are deposited. These minerals are primarily composed of calcium and phosphorus.

Question 8

What is osteogenesis?

Answer 8

process of bone formation

Question 9

What is ossification?

Answer 9

process of bone formation

Question 10

What are the regulating factors of bone formation?

Answer 10

stress, vitamin d, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin, blood supply, stress and weight bearing

Question 11

What is the major component of bone?

Answer 11

provides the skeleton strength and structure

Question 12

What is stage 1 of bone healing?

Answer 12

hematoma formation

Question 13

What is stage 2 of bone healing?

Answer 13

fibrocartilaginous callus formation: fibroblasts and osteoblasts migrate to fracture site.

Question 14

What is stage 3 of bone healing?

Answer 14

Ossification begins during 3rd or 4th week

Question 15

What is stage 4 bone healing?

Answer 15

Remodeling

Question 16

What is synarthrosis?

Answer 16

immovable joints

Question 17

What is amphiarthrosis?

Answer 17

allow limited movement (ball and socket, hinge, saddle, pivot, gliding)

Question 18

What is diarthrosis?

Answer 18

freely movable joint

Question 19

What are the 6 types of joints?

Answer 19

pivot, saddle, plane, hinge, condyloid, ball and socket

Question 20

What are the 4 types of movement of joints?

Answer 20

abduction, adduction, lateral, medial

Question 21

What are the 11 directions of joint movement?

Answer 21

flexion (knee bends), extension (knee straightens),hyperextension, extension, flexion, supination, pronation, circumduction, rotation, abduction, adduction

Question 22

What are muscles attached to?

Answer 22

bones

Question 22

What are the other structures of the joint?

Answer 22

joint capsule, ligaments, tendons, bursa sac

Question 23

What is fascia?

Answer 23

fibrous tissue

Question 24

What does contraction cause and use?

Answer 24

movement, and uses energy in the form of ATP

Question 25

What is a sarcomere?

Answer 25

contractile unit of skeletal muscle that contains actin and myosin

Question 26

What do the muscle cell fibers react to?

Answer 26

electrical stimulation

Question 27

What do anaerobic pathways use?

Answer 27

glucose metabolized from stored glycogen provides energy for more strenuous muscle activity.

Question 28

What are the 3 different muscle tones?

Answer 28

flaccid, spastic, atonic

Question 29

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 29

increase in cell size

Question 30

What is atrophy?

Answer 30

decrease in size of the muscle

Question 31

What is hypotonia?

Answer 31

decreased muscle tone

Question 32

What are the three structures that can become spastic?

Answer 32

elbow, wrist, fingers

Question 33

What are the signs of atonic seizure?

Answer 33

head drop, loss of muscle control, slump or fall forward

Question 34

What is bursa?

Answer 34

fluid filled sac found in connective tissue

Question 35

What is clonus?

Answer 35

rhythmic contraction of muscles

Question 36

What is crepitus?

Answer 36

a grating or crackling sound or sensation

Question 37

What physical assessment of the musculoskeletal system?

Answer 37

pain, posture, bone, joint, muscle strength and size, skin, neurovascular status

Question 38

What is CMS?

Answer 38

circulation, sensation, movement

Question 39

What are circulation examples?

Answer 39

pulse (radial pedal), temperature/color, capillary refill

Question 40

What are sensational examples?

Answer 40

Can person feel your touch on fingers/ toes

Question 41

What are movement examples?

Answer 41

ask the person to wiggle fingers/toes, squeeze your fingers and push foot against your hands

Question 42

What does the CNS consist of?

Answer 42

brain and spinal cord

Question 43

What does the PNS consist of?

Answer 43

cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic and somatic nervous system

Question 44

What do the neurons do?

Answer 44

electrical impulses and chemical signs to transmit information between areas of the brain and between the brain and the rest of nervous system

Question 45

What do the neurons control?

Answer 45

motor, sensory, autonomic, cognitive and behavioral activities

Question 46

What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

Answer 46

functions of internal organs such as heart, stomach, lungs and intestines

Question 47

What system is involuntary?

Answer 47

autonomic system

Question 48

What regulates voluntary movements?

Answer 48

somatic nervous system

Question 49

T/F Spinal cord is a part of the CNS?

Answer 49

True

Question 50

What do neurotransmitters do?

Answer 50

communicate messages from one neuron to another or to a specific target tissue

Question 51

What is potentiate?

Answer 51

increase the power of something

Question 52

What is innate?

Answer 52

adjust or vary (specific action can excite or inhibit a target cell)

Question 53

What are the 3 layers of the membrane?

Answer 53

pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater

Question 54

Which layer is the delicate inner layer?

Answer 54

pia mater

Question 55

What layer is the middle of the meninges?

Answer 55

arachnoid

Question 56

What layer is the tough of the meninges?

Answer 56

dura mater

Question 57

What is the weblike middle layer of the Meninges that is filled with fluid that cushions your brain?

Answer 57

arachnoid

Question 58

What are dermatomes?

Answer 58

areas of the skin in your body that rely on specific nerve connections on your spine.

Question 59

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 59

regulate activities of internal organs and to maintain and restore internal homeostasis

Question 60

Which nervous system uses fight or flight responses?

Answer 60

Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 61

What is the main neurotransmitter of the Sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 61

norepinephrine

Question 62

What does the parasympathetic nervous system control?

Answer 62

visceral functions

Question 63

What nervous system uses rest and digestion?

Answer 63

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 64

What regulates the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 64

spinal cord, brainstem and hypothalamus

Question 65

When you assess neurological assessment, what motor system skills do you test?

Answer 65

Muscle size, tone, strength, coordination and balance

Question 66

What is the test that is used for the motor system?

Answer 66

Romberg Test

Question 67

When you assess neurological assessment, what reflexes do you test?

Answer 67

DTR, biceps, triceps, brachioradialis, patellar Achilles, superficial, pathological, plantar.

Question 68

When you assess neurological assessment, what consciousness and cognition do you test?

Answer 68

mental status, intellectual function, though content, emotional status, language ability, impact on lifestyle

Question 69

When you assess neurological assessment, what sensory system do you test?

Answer 69

tactile sensation, superficial pain, temperature, vibration and position sense(proprioception)

Question 70

What is the Babinski reflex?

Answer 70

stimulus consists of a firm painful stroke along the lateral border of the sole from heel to toe

Question 71

What is the response from the Babinski reflex?

Answer 71

consists of movement (flexion or extension) from the big toe and sometimes fanning movement of the other toes

Question 72

When does the Babinski reflex disappear?

Answer 72

9-10 months , present at birth

Question 73

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

Answer 73

olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

Question 74

What is mnemonic for the cranial nerves?

Answer 74

Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel (a) Virgin Girl's Vagina And Hymen

Question 75

What does the Romberg test assess?

Answer 75

Balance and coordination

Question 76

What does the Romberg test assess in the patient?

Answer 76

assess the ability to stand with feet parallel and together with the eyes open and then closed for 30 seconds

Question 77

What health history will we assess with any patient?

Answer 77

-Pain (of any kind? time of day they have pain? better? Worse? Meds?) -Seizures (of any kind? Ever? Family history?) -Dizziness (abnormal sensation of imbalance or movement) and vertigo (illusion of movement, usually rotation) -Visual disturbances -Weakness -Abnormal sensations -Past health, family, social history