Chapter 35 and 60 Flashcards
What is osteoblasts function?
build bone
What is osteocytes function?
maintenance of bone (located in lacunae)
What is osteoclasts function?
remodeling bone
Where is the osteocyte located?
lacunae
Where are the osteoclasts located?
Howship Lacunae
What is the epiphysis?
End of a long bone
What is the matrix?
consists of collagen and ground substances (glycoproteins and proteoglycans) that provide a framework in which inorganic mineral salts are deposited. These minerals are primarily composed of calcium and phosphorus.
What is osteogenesis?
process of bone formation
What is ossification?
process of bone formation
What are the regulating factors of bone formation?
stress, vitamin d, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin, blood supply, stress and weight bearing
What is the major component of bone?
provides the skeleton strength and structure
What is stage 1 of bone healing?
hematoma formation
What is stage 2 of bone healing?
fibrocartilaginous callus formation: fibroblasts and osteoblasts migrate to fracture site.
What is stage 3 of bone healing?
Ossification begins during 3rd or 4th week
What is stage 4 bone healing?
Remodeling
What is synarthrosis?
immovable joints
What is amphiarthrosis?
allow limited movement (ball and socket, hinge, saddle, pivot, gliding)
What is diarthrosis?
freely movable joint
What are the 6 types of joints?
pivot, saddle, plane, hinge, condyloid, ball and socket
What are the 4 types of movement of joints?
abduction, adduction, lateral, medial
What are the 11 directions of joint movement?
flexion (knee bends), extension (knee straightens),hyperextension, extension, flexion, supination, pronation, circumduction, rotation, abduction, adduction
What are muscles attached to?
bones
What are the other structures of the joint?
joint capsule, ligaments, tendons, bursa sac
What is fascia?
fibrous tissue
What does contraction cause and use?
movement, and uses energy in the form of ATP
What is a sarcomere?
contractile unit of skeletal muscle that contains actin and myosin
What do the muscle cell fibers react to?
electrical stimulation
What do anaerobic pathways use?
glucose metabolized from stored glycogen provides energy for more strenuous muscle activity.
What are the 3 different muscle tones?
flaccid, spastic, atonic
What is hypertrophy?
increase in cell size
What is atrophy?
decrease in size of the muscle
What is hypotonia?
decreased muscle tone
What are the three structures that can become spastic?
elbow, wrist, fingers
What are the signs of atonic seizure?
head drop, loss of muscle control, slump or fall forward
What is bursa?
fluid filled sac found in connective tissue
What is clonus?
rhythmic contraction of muscles
What is crepitus?
a grating or crackling sound or sensation
What physical assessment of the musculoskeletal system?
pain, posture, bone, joint, muscle strength and size, skin, neurovascular status
What is CMS?
circulation, sensation, movement
What are circulation examples?
pulse (radial pedal), temperature/color, capillary refill
What are sensational examples?
Can person feel your touch on fingers/ toes
What are movement examples?
ask the person to wiggle fingers/toes, squeeze your fingers and push foot against your hands
What does the CNS consist of?
brain and spinal cord
What does the PNS consist of?
cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic and somatic nervous system
What do the neurons do?
electrical impulses and chemical signs to transmit information between areas of the brain and between the brain and the rest of nervous system
What do the neurons control?
motor, sensory, autonomic, cognitive and behavioral activities
What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?
functions of internal organs such as heart, stomach, lungs and intestines
What system is involuntary?
autonomic system
What regulates voluntary movements?
somatic nervous system
T/F Spinal cord is a part of the CNS?
True
What do neurotransmitters do?
communicate messages from one neuron to another or to a specific target tissue
What is potentiate?
increase the power of something
What is innate?
adjust or vary (specific action can excite or inhibit a target cell)
What are the 3 layers of the membrane?
pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater
Which layer is the delicate inner layer?
pia mater
What layer is the middle of the meninges?
arachnoid
What layer is the tough of the meninges?
dura mater
What is the weblike middle layer of the Meninges that is filled with fluid that cushions your brain?
arachnoid
What are dermatomes?
areas of the skin in your body that rely on specific nerve connections on your spine.
What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?
regulate activities of internal organs and to maintain and restore internal homeostasis
Which nervous system uses fight or flight responses?
Sympathetic Nervous System
What is the main neurotransmitter of the Sympathetic nervous system?
norepinephrine
What does the parasympathetic nervous system control?
visceral functions
What nervous system uses rest and digestion?
parasympathetic nervous system
What regulates the autonomic nervous system?
spinal cord, brainstem and hypothalamus
When you assess neurological assessment, what motor system skills do you test?
Muscle size, tone, strength, coordination and balance
What is the test that is used for the motor system?
Romberg Test
When you assess neurological assessment, what reflexes do you test?
DTR, biceps, triceps, brachioradialis, patellar Achilles, superficial, pathological, plantar.
When you assess neurological assessment, what consciousness and cognition do you test?
mental status, intellectual function, though content, emotional status, language ability, impact on lifestyle
When you assess neurological assessment, what sensory system do you test?
tactile sensation, superficial pain, temperature, vibration and position sense(proprioception)
What is the Babinski reflex?
stimulus consists of a firm painful stroke along the lateral border of the sole from heel to toe
What is the response from the Babinski reflex?
consists of movement (flexion or extension) from the big toe and sometimes fanning movement of the other toes
When does the Babinski reflex disappear?
9-10 months , present at birth
What are the 12 cranial nerves?
olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
What is mnemonic for the cranial nerves?
Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel (a) Virgin Girl’s Vagina And Hymen
What does the Romberg test assess?
Balance and coordination
What does the Romberg test assess in the patient?
assess the ability to stand with feet parallel and together with the eyes open and then closed for 30 seconds
What health history will we assess with any patient?
-Pain (of any kind? time of day they have pain? better? Worse? Meds?)
-Seizures (of any kind? Ever? Family history?)
-Dizziness (abnormal sensation of imbalance or movement) and vertigo (illusion of movement,
usually rotation)
-Visual disturbances
-Weakness
-Abnormal sensations
-Past health, family, social history
