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Biol 112 > Chapter 35 > Flashcards

Chapter 35 Flashcards

1
Q

Which two systems coordinate communication throughout the body?

A

Endocrine and Nervous

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2
Q

Endocrine System

A
  • Secretes hormones into the blood
  • Slower response
  • More prolonged response
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3
Q

Nervous System

A
  • Transmits nerve impulses
  • Faster response
  • Less prolonged response
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4
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemicals that reach target cells through the bloodstream, results in regulation, secretion, and homeostasis.

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5
Q

Autocrine Signaling

A

Signals are produced by and act on the same cell.

Examples: estrogens, ovaries, maturation of ovarian follicles before ovulation

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6
Q

Paracrine Signaling

A

Signals diffuse locally and act on nearby cells. Example: chemical transmitted from nerve to muscle that causes the muscle to contract

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7
Q

Endocrine Signaling

A

Endocrine cells release hormones that are transported to the target cells by the blood.
Examples: Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pineal body, pancreas, ovaries and testes

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8
Q

Neuroendocrine Signaling

A

Neurons release neurohormones which are transported to the target cells by the blood
Examples: Adrenal medulla releases adrenaline to the blood

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9
Q

Pheromones

A

chemical signals that are released from the body into the environment, used to communicate with other individuals in the same species

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10
Q

Function of Pheromones

A
  • Mark trails to food sources
  • Defining territories
  • Warn of Predators
  • Attract potential mates
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11
Q

When the steroid estrogen is released, it travels through the circulation to signal responses from other cells to facilitate development and maintenance of the female reproductive system. This is an example of which of the following?

A

Endocrine signaling

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12
Q

Polypeptides

A

chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

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13
Q

Amines

A

derived from a single amino acid precursor

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14
Q

Steroids

A

family of lipids derived from cholesterol

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15
Q

Water soluble hormones (hydrophilic)

A

Molecules do not readily cross the plasma membrane. Cannot pass through the hydrophobic middle portion of the phospholipid bilayer.

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16
Q

Lipid soluble hormones (hydrophobic)

A

Molecules can easily enter cells through plasma membrane.

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17
Q

Where would you find water soluble hormones?

A

Water soluble hormones bind to receptors on the surface of target cell

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18
Q

Where would you find lipid soluble hormones?

A

Lipid soluble hormones bind to receptors inside target cells

19
Q

What are the three key events involved in hormone signaling?

A

Reception - Signal Transduction - Response

20
Q

Cellular Response Pathway for Water Soluble Hormones

A
  • Glycoproteins, Peptide Hormones Composed of Polypeptides, and Thyroid stimulating hormones
  • Doesn’t diffuse across cell membranes
  • Secreted by exocytosis
  • Circulates freely in the bloodstream
  • Binds to receptor on the cell membrane, forming the hormone receptor complex
21
Q

Water soluble hormones activate what?

A

Enzymes, which produce 2nd messengers within the cell

22
Q

Cellular Response Pathway for Lipid Soluble Hormones

A
  • Steroids
  • Diffuse across the cell membranes
  • Travel in the bloodstream bound to transport proteins
  • Dissociate from transport protein at target cells
  • Diffuse through the membrane
  • Bind to intracellular receptors (cytoplasm or nucleus
23
Q

Lipid soluble hormones induce what change?

A

A change in gene expression

24
Q

A single hormone can have different effects due to:

A
  • Different receptors for the hormones

- Different signal transduction pathways

25
Q

Epinephrine

A
  • a chemical that narrows blood vessels and opens airways in the lungs
26
Q

The second messenger cAMP forms from what?

A

ATP

27
Q

cAMP function

A
  • used for intracellular signal transduction
  • the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cAMP from ATP is located on cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane and is called adenylyl cyclase or adenylate cyclase
28
Q

MAPK pathway

A

-activated within protein kinase cascades that regulate cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell death in eukaryotes from yeast to humans

29
Q

Steroid Hormones (lipid)

A
  • Diffuse through cell membrane
  • transported by proteins in blood
  • Intracellular receptors
  • Slow acting, Long lasting
  • Typically derived from cholesterol
30
Q

Protein Hormones (peptide)

A
  • Do not diffuse through cell membrane
  • circulates freely in blood
  • cell surface receptors
  • Fast acting, short lasting
  • Typically derived from amino acids
31
Q

What is the difference between an autocrine and a paracrine?

A

Autocrine hormones bind to receptors on the cell and affects the cell that produces it, while Paracrine hormones are released from cells and bind to receptor on nearby cells and affects their function

32
Q

What would happen if the chemical messengers are destroyed?

A

They would not respond with appropriate actions

33
Q

True or False: Steroid hormones are lipid soluble.

A

True

34
Q

True or False: Water soluble hormones easily pass through the plasma membrane on their own.

A

False, they must bind to a surface cell membrane receptor

35
Q

Interaction with a membrane bound receptor will transduce the hormonal message via _____.

A

a second messenger

36
Q

Cytokines

A

small proteins that are important in cell signaling

37
Q

Growth Factors

A

Stimulate cell proliferation, grow, divide, develop

38
Q

Gas Nitric Oxide

A
  • Decrease blood O2
  • Release NO
  • Result in vasodilation in smooth muscle cells
  • Improves blood flow to tissue
39
Q

Simple endocrine pathway

A
  • hormones are assembled into simple endocrine pathways regulated by negative feedback
  • Respond directly to an internal or environmental stimulus
40
Q

Pancreatic Hormones

A
  • relies on sets of simple endocrine pathways with coordinated activity
  • insulin and glucagon secreted by the pancreas help to maintain glucose homeostasis
41
Q

What homeostatic imbalance involves glucose regulation?

A

Diabetes Mellitus

42
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A
  • group of diseases that affect how your body used blood glucose
  • glucose is excreted in urine, as it exceeds the maximum which the kidneys can reabsorb back into the blood
43
Q

Type I Diabetes

A
  • an autoimmune disorder that destroys pancreatic beta cells
  • insulin deficiency
  • requires daily injection of insulin

Biol 112 (2 decks)

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