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Bio II Chapter 35 > Chapter 35 > Flashcards

Chapter 35 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How are plants organized?

A

Plants have organs composed of different tissues,

which in turn are composed of different cell types

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2
Q

A cell…

A

is the fundamental unit of life

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3
Q

A tissue

A

is a group of cells consisting of one or more

cell types that together perform a specialized function

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4
Q

An organ…

A

onsists of several types of tissues that

together carry out particular functions

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5
Q

Basic Vascular Plant Organs:

A

Roots, stems, and leaves

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6
Q

How are the three basic organs organized?

A

They are organized into a root system and a shoot

system

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7
Q

Roots rely on…

A

sugar produced
by photosynthesis
in the shoot
system

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8
Q

Shoots rely on…

A 
water and 
minerals 
absorbed by the 
root system
Basic
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9
Q

A root is an organ with important functions:

A
  • Anchoring the plant
  • Absorbing minerals and water
  • Storing carbohydrates
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10
Q

The primary root

branches to form

A

lateral roots for
anchorage and water
absorption occurs

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11
Q

Tall plants with large shoot masses generally have

A

a taproot system

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12
Q

The taproot generally develops from

A

the primary root

and functions in anchoring the plant in the soil

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13
Q

Small or trailing plants generally have a

A

fibrous root system that spreads out like a thick

mat below the soil surface

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14
Q

Root hairs…

A

are finger-like extensions of epidermal cells, form near the root tip and increase the absorptive surface of the root

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15
Q

Most root systems form

A

mycorrhizal associations

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16
Q

A stem is a plant organ

consisting of

A

an alternating system of nodes and internodes

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17
Q

nodes..

A

the points of leaves attachment

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18
Q

internodes…

A

the stem segments between nodes

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19
Q

The growing shoot tip, or apical bud causes

A

elongation of a young shoot

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20
Q

An axillary bud is a structure that

A

has the potential

to form a lateral branch, thorn, or flower

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21
Q

The primary function of

the stem is to

A

elongate and orient the shoot to maximize

photosynthesis

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22
Q

Many plants have
modified stems that
perform alternate
functions, for example…

A

rhizomes, stolons, tubers

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23
Q

The leaf is the

A

main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants

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24
Q

Leaves functions:

A

intercept light, exchange gases, dissipate
heat, and defend the plant from herbivores and
pathogens

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25
Q

Leaves generally consist of

A

a flattened blade and a stalk called the petiole

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26
Q

a petiole…

A

which joins the leaf to a

node of the stem

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27
Q 
Some plant 
species have 
evolved modified 
leaves that serve 
various functions, for example...
A

spines, tendrils, storage leaves, and reproductive leaves

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28
Q

Roots, stems, and leaves are composed of three tissue types:

A

dermal, vascular, and ground tissues

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29
Q

In nonwoody plants, the dermal

tissue system consists

A

of a epidermis and a cuticle

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30
Q

epidermis

A

covered in a waxy coating

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31
Q

cuticle

A

that helps

prevent water loss

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32
Q

In woody plants, protective tissues

called periderm

A

replace the epidermis in older regions of stems

and roots

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33
Q

Tissues that are neither

dermal nor vascular are the

A

ground tissue system

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34
Q

Ground tissue internal to the

vascular tissue

A

is pith

35
Q

ground tissue external to the vascular tissue

A

is cortex

36
Q

Ground tissue includes cells

specialized for

A

storage, photosynthesis, support, and

transport

37
Q

The two vascular tissues are

A

xylem and phloem

38
Q

Xylem

A

conducts water and dissolved minerals upward

from roots into the shoots

39
Q

Phloem

A

transports sugars from where they are made

(primarily leaves) to storage or growth sites

40
Q

The vascular tissue of a root or stem is collectively

called

A

the stele

41
Q

In angiosperms, the stele of the root is a

A

solid central vascular cylinder divided into vascular bundles, strands of xylem and phloem

42
Q

The two types of water-conducting cells

A

tracheids and vessel elements are dead and

lignified at maturity

43
Q

Cells of the phloem are

A

alive at maturity, but lack

organelles

44
Q

In seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms, sugars are

A

transported through sieve cells

45
Q

In angiosperms, sugars are

A

transported in sieve tubes, chains of cells called sieve-tube elements

46
Q

Sieve plates are

A

the porous end walls between sieve
-tube elements that allow fluid to flow between cells
along the sieve tube

47
Q

Each sieve-tube element is connected to a

companion cell by

A

plasmodesmata whose nucleus
and ribosomes also serve the adjacent sieve-tube
element

48
Q

indeterminate growth

A

A plant can grow throughout its life due to the activity of meristems, unspecialized tissues composed of dividing cells

49
Q

determinate growth

A

Most animals and some plant organs cease to grow at a certain size

50
Q

There are two main types of meristems:

A

apical meristems and lateral meristems

51
Q

Apical meristems

A

ocated at the tips of roots and

shoots, lengthens them; called primary growth

52
Q

Lateral meristems add

A

thickness to woody plants

secondary growth

53
Q

There are two lateral

meristems:

A

the vascular

cambium and the cork cambium

54
Q

The vascular cambium adds

A

layers of vascular tissue
called secondary xylem
(wood) and secondary phloem

55
Q

The cork cambium replaces

A

the epidermis with periderm,

which is thicker and tougher

56
Q

The root tip is covered by a root

cap, which

A

protects the root apical
meristem as the root pushes
through soil

57
Q

Growth occurs just behind the root

tip, in three zones of cells:

A

Zone of cell division
Zone of elongation
Zone of differentiation (maturation)

58
Q

The primary growth of roots

produces

A

the epidermis, ground

tissue, and vascular tissue

59
Q

In most eudicots, the xylem is

A

starlike in appearance with

phloem between the “arms”

60
Q

In many monocots, a core of ground tissue is

A

surrounded by alternating rings of xylem and phloem

61
Q

A shoot apical

meristem is a

A

dome-shaped mass of dividing cells at the

shoot tip

62
Q

The leaves of the

apical bud protect

A

the meristem

63
Q

Axillary buds

develop from

A

meristematic cells
left at the bases of
leaf primordia

64
Q

In most eudicots, the vascular tissue consists

A

of vascular

bundles arranged in a ring

65
Q

In most monocot stems, the vascular bundles are

A

scattered

throughout the ground tissue

66
Q

Leaves develop from

A

leaf primordia along the sides

of the shoot apical meristem

67
Q

stomata

A

pores that allow CO2 and O2 exchange between the air and the photosynthetic cells in a leaf

68
Q

Each stomatal pore is flanked

A

by two guard cells, which regulate the pore’s opening and closing and
control water loss

69
Q

The ground tissue in a leaf, called mesophyll, is

A

between the upper and lower epidermis

70
Q

The mesophyll of eudicots has two layers:

A

palisade and spongy

71
Q

Veins are the leaf’s vascular bundles, function as

A

the leaf’s skeleton, and are protected by bundle sheaths

72
Q

Secondary growth, the growth in thickness produced by

A

lateral meristems

73
Q

Secondary growth occurs

A

in gymnosperms and many eudicots, but is rare in monocots

74
Q

Secondary growth occurs in

A

stems and roots of woody plants but rarely in leaves

75
Q

Primary growth and secondary growth occur

A

simultaneously

76
Q

In a woody stem, the vascular cambium is located

A

outside the pith and primary xylem and to the inside of the primary phloem and the cortex

77
Q

In a woody root, the vascular cambium forms

A

exterior to the primary xylem and interior to the primary phloem

78
Q

Secondary xylem accumulates as

A

wood and consists of tracheids, vessel elements (only in angiosperms), and fibers

79
Q

Early wood

A

formed in the spring in temperate regions,

has thin cell walls to maximize water delivery

80
Q

Late wood

A

formed in the summer, has thick-walled

cells and contributes more to stem support

81
Q

Thick rings

A

indicate a year
with warm or wet
growing
conditions

82
Q

thin rings

A

indicate a

cold or dry year

83
Q

The outer layers, known as sapwood, still

A

transport materials through the xylem

84
Q

Older secondary phloem sloughs off as

A

part of the bark and does not accumulate

Bio II Chapter 35 (1 decks)

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