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Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured > Chapter 34 Pediatric Emergencies > Flashcards

Chapter 34 Pediatric Emergencies Flashcards

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1
Q

Infancy

A

First year of life

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2
Q

Neonatal or newborn period

A

The first month after birth

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3
Q

The amount of time infants generally spend sleeping

A

16 hours

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4
Q

An infant not easily aroused from sleep is a sign of this

A

An emergency

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5
Q

The quality of an infants thermoregulation ability

A

Poor

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6
Q

Infants are able to recognize caregivers at

A

2 to 6 months

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7
Q

By the first year, infants can

A

Say their first word and walk

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8
Q

Toddler stage

A

Each one to age three

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9
Q

Toddler stage is characterized by

A

Increased mobility and vocabulary. Separation anxiety usually develops in this stage.

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10
Q

Preschool age

A

Ages 3 to 6

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11
Q

Preschool age is characterized by

A

Increased language ability and increased imagination

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12
Q

School-age

A

Ages 6 to 12

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13
Q

Direction assessments should be performed

A

Prior to school-age, begin at the feet and proceed upward. Following school age, begin at the head and proceed downward

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14
Q

Adolescence

A

Ages 12 to 18

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15
Q

The relative size of a pediatric airway compared to an adult airway

A

Pediatric airway is smaller in diameter and shorter in length

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16
Q

Relative size of a child’s lungs to an adult’s lungs

A

A child’s lungs are smaller

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17
Q

The relative location of the heart in a child compared to an adult

A

The heart is higher in a child’s chest

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18
Q

The relative position of the glottic opening in a child compared to an adult

A

Glottic opening is higher in position to more anteriorly

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19
Q

Relative length of the neck in a child compared to an adult

A

The neck is shorter

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20
Q

The difference between a child’s head and adult’s head

A

Children have larger, rounder occiputs compared tho the rest of their heads. Requiring more careful positioning of the airway

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21
Q

Difference between an adult’s and a child’s tongues

A

Children have a proportionately larger tongue relative to the size of the mouth and a more anterior location in the mouth. Child’s tongue is also larger relative to the small mandible and can easily block the airway

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22
Q

Difference between child’s epiglottis an adult’s epiglottis

A

In infants and toddlers, the epiglottis is long, floppy, and U-shaped.

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23
Q

The difference between a child’s trachea and an adult’s trachea

A

Child’s trachea has less developed rings of Cartlidge that may easily collapse if the neck is flexed or hyperextended

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24
Q

Infants are obligate ____

A

Nose breathers

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25
Q

The oxygen demand of a child

A

Is twice that of adult’s

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26
Q

Normal respiratory rate of an infant

A

30 to 60

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27
Q

Normal respiratory rate of a toddler

A

24 to 40

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28
Q

Normal respiratory rate of a preschool age child

A

22 to 34

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29
Q

Normal respiratory rate of a school age child

A

18 to 30

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30
Q

No respiratory rate of an adolescent

A

12 to 16

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31
Q

Children are belly breathers which means

A

They use the diaphragm the most

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32
Q

Normal pulse rates in a newborn to 3 months

A

85 to 205

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33
Q

Normal pulse rates at three months to 2 years

A

100 to 190

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34
Q

Normal pulse rate at two years to 10 years

A

60 to 140

35
Q

Normal pulse rates at greater than 10 years

A

60 to 100

36
Q

Larger head to body ratio of an infant and young child makes them more prone to what

A

Head injuries

37
Q

Child’s brain has less cushioning due to

A

Smaller subarachnoid space

38
Q

The internal organs are ____ in children

A

Proportionally larger, situated more anteriorly, and are closer together

39
Q

The abdominal muscles are ____ in children

A

Less developed

40
Q

The bones of children are ____ than adults

A

Softer

41
Q

The skeletal system of children contain active ____

A

Growth plates

42
Q

Immobilize extremities with suspected strains and sprains in children because

A

They may be stress fractures

43
Q

Children are more susceptible to these types of fractures

A

Stress

44
Q

The anterior fontanelle closes at ____

A

18 months

45
Q

The posterior fontanelle closes at

A

6 months

46
Q

Bulging at the fontanelles is normal in an infant who is ____

A

Crying, coughing, or lying on the back or stomach

47
Q

In a non-crying, non-coughing infant who is not lying on his back, bulging fontanelles can be a sign of ____

A

Increases ICP

48
Q

A sunken fontanelle is an indication of ____

A

Dehydration

49
Q

The thoracic cage in children is largely composed of ____

A

Cartilage

50
Q

The ribs and vital organs are less protected by _____ in children

A

Muscles and fat

51
Q

Children’s skin is ____ and has less ____

A

Thinner, less subcutaneous fat

52
Q

Infants and children typically suffer from more significant fluid and heat loss due to

A

A larger body-surface-area-to-body-mass-ratio

53
Q

Pediatric assessment triangle (PAT)

A

Observational tool meant to assist assessment of pediatric patients at a glance

54
Q

The three categories of the PAT

A

Appearance (muscle tone in mental status), work of breathing, and circulation to the skin

55
Q

The number of signs of increased work of breathing

A

Seven

56
Q

First sign of increased work of breathing

A

Abnormal airway noise such as grunting or wheezing

57
Q

Second sign of increases work of breathing

A

Accessory muscle use such as contraction of the muscles above the clavicles (supraclavicular)

58
Q

Third sign of increased work of breathing

A

Retractions: drawing in the muscles between the ribs (intercostal retractions) or of the sternum (substernal retractions) during inspiration

59
Q

Fourth sign of increased work of breathing

A

Head bobbing: The head lifts and tilts back during inspiration, then moves forward during expiration

60
Q

Fifth sign of increased work of breathing

A

Nasal flaring

61
Q

Sixth sign of increased work of breathing

A

Tachypnea

62
Q

The seventh sign of increased work of breathing

A

Tripod position

63
Q

TICLS Mnemonic

A 
Pediatric assessment tool. 
T: tone
I: interactiveness
C: consolability
L: look or gaze
S: speech or cry
64
Q

Through vasoconstriction

A

Blood from areas of lesser need such as the skin is shunted to areas a greater need such as the brain, heart, and kidneys.

65
Q

Mottling

A

Caused by constriction of peripheral blood vessels

66
Q

Sniffing position

A

An upright position in which the patient’s head and chin are thrust slightly forward to keep the airway open; the optimal position for the uninsured child that requires airway management

67
Q

Symmetric chest wall movement can be assessed by

A

Placing both hands on pediatric patients chest

68
Q

When bradypnea sets in, this can be a sign of

A

Impending respiratory arrest

69
Q

In infants pulse is assessed using

A

The brachial or femoral pulses

70
Q

In children older than one year, pulse is assessed using

A

The carotid pulse

71
Q

Central pulses in infants

A

Brachial or femoral

72
Q

Bradycardia in children

A

Heart rate is less than 80 bpm

73
Q

Bradycardia in newborns

A

Heart rate is less than 100 bpm

74
Q

Crackles

A

Crackling or bubbling sound we heard on inspiration; indicates inflammation or infection (such as pneumonia)

75
Q

Stridor

A

High-pitched inspiratory sound; indicates a partial upper airway obstruction (such as in croup or from a foreign body)

76
Q

Wheezing

A

High or low pitch sound heard usually during expiration; indicates a partial lower airway obstruction (such as in asthma or bronchitis)

77
Q

Grunting

A

An uh sound heard during exhalation; reflects the pediatric patient’s attempt to keep the Alveoli open by increasing pressure in the chest cavity

78
Q

How to estimate capillary refill time

A

Squeeze the end of the finger toe for several seconds. Normal color should return within two seconds after you let go

79
Q

Capillary refill is most reliable in children younger than

A

Six years old

80
Q

Difference between infant GCS scale and normal GCS scale

A 
Verbal:
5 - Coos, babbles
4 - irritable cry
3 - cries to pain
2 - moans to pain
1 - no response
81
Q

Infants younger than six months

A

Lack the ability to shiver in response to a cold stimulus

82
Q

Hypothermia in pediatric patients can lead to

A

Convulsive seizure activity

83
Q

Pediatric patients younger than two years must be transported in this position due to lack of mature neck muscles

A

The rear facing position

84
Q

When asking about pediatric medications, you should ask about these to types

A

Analgesics or antipyretics

Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured (2 decks)

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