Chapter 34 - Immune System and Diseases

Question 1

Innate immunity

Answer 1

The immunity that we are born with

Includes:
- phagocytic cells (white blood cells)
- antimicrobial proteins
- barriers (skin)
- inflammatory response…etc.

Question 2

Adaptive / acquired immunity

Answer 2

Is activated only after exposure to specific pathogens. It will recognize the traits of particular viruses and adapt to it based on past experience.

Question 3

What type of cancer is linked to eating processed meat?

Answer 3

Bowel and colon cancers

21% of bowel cancers are attributed to eating processed meat

Question 4

What are the first lines of defence in the innate immune system? (First to confront pathogens)

Answer 4

The more external barriers:

• Skin
• Hairs
• Skeleton
• Mucus membranes

Question 5

Which provides a faster response, innate immunity or acquired immunity?

Answer 5

Innate immunity is faster

Question 6

What are neutrophils, macrophages, and natural killer cells examples of?

Answer 6

White blood cells

Question 7

What are interferons?

Answer 7

Defensive proteins that are produced by virus-infected cells that help limit the spread of that virus to other cells.

Question 8

What are the steps that interferons do to protect cells against virus spread?

Answer 8

1. The virus must infect a cell
2. Interferon gene in cell is turned on
3. Cell begins to make interferons
4. The infected cell is killed and it releases the interferons to other cells
5. The interferons will promote these cells to make other protective proteins

Question 9

What do mast cells produce?

Answer 9

Histamine

Question 10

What are the three key ingredients of pus?

Answer 10

1. Dead white blood cells
2. Tissue debris
3. Leaked capillary fluids

Question 11

What are the 2 jobs of the lymphatic system?

Answer 11

1. Fight infection (by bringing infectious material to the lymph nodes where macrophages will destroy it)
2. Return tissue fluid back into the circulatory system

Question 12

What is an antigen? An antibody?

Answer 12

Antigens - any molecule that can make an adaptive immune response.

Antibodies - a molecule that attaches to certain antigens and counters its effects.

Question 13

Where do B and T cells mature?

Answer 13

B cells - mature in the Bone marrow
(B for bone)

T cells - mature in the Thymus
(T for thymus)

Question 14

What are B and T cells responsible for

Answer 14

B cells - responsible for humoral immune responses (taking action against infection in body fluids)

T cells - responsible for cell-mediated immune responses (taking action against infected cells)

Question 15

Is the primary or secondary immune response faster? Why?

Answer 15

The secondary immune response is faster since it gained experience about how to deal with this pathogen during the first immune response.

It has learned what to do, and how to end it faster.

Question 16

How do cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells?

Answer 16

1. They bind themselves to the infected cell
2. They poke holes into the infected cell
3. They secrete enzymes into the infected cells that promote the death of the cell

Question 17

What virus causes the flu?

Answer 17

The influenza virus

Question 18

What percentage of the entire global population had the Spanish flu in 1918-1919?

Answer 18

1/3 of the population ≈ 33%

Question 19

What virus is the common cause of throwing up? (Food poisoning)

Answer 19

Norovirus

Question 20

What virus is the common cause for severe diarrhea?

Answer 20

Rotavirus

Question 21

The main proteins that identify our cells and “self-cells” is MHC, what does this stand for?

Answer 21

Major histocompatibility complex

Question 22

What are the 3 ways the immune system and go wrong resulting is disease?

Answer 22

1. Hyperactive immune system - being hypersensitive to the normal environmental proteins (ex. Allergies)
2. Poorly functioning immune system - fails to recognize dangerous cells and allows them to grown normally (ex. Can get cancer)
3. Immune system attacks itself - when it can’t recognize its own cells and sees them as viral cells. (Ex. Lupus)

Question 23

What is an allergy? An allergen?

Answer 23

Allergy - A disorder of the immune system caused by an abnormally high sensitivity to an antigen.

Allergen - an antigen that causes an allergy

Question 24

What is anaphylactic shock?

Answer 24

Seen in the most severe allergies:

Refers to the sudden dilation of blood vessels that can cause a fatal drop in blood pressure

(Need an epipen to counteract it)

Question 25

What are examples of diseases that result from having a hyperactive immune system?

Answer 25

• allergies
• asthma
• eczema

Question 26

What is the hygiene hypothesis?

Answer 26

Theorizes that living in a cleaner area leads to more immune system issues