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Bio 94: Exam 3 > Chapter 33: Pt 2. An Introduction To Invertebrates > Flashcards

Chapter 33: Pt 2. An Introduction To Invertebrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What are rotifers?

A

Invertebrates in the Phylum Rotifera of the clade Lophotrochozoans that:

  • are smaller than many protists
  • has a corona (crown of cilia)
  • has a toe that attaches to substrates
  • has a series of stages during embryonic development
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2
Q

We don’t see our chests ripple when our hearts beat because our digestive tract is surrounded by a ________.

A

Coelom

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3
Q

Lophophorates in the clade Lophotrochozoans include two phyla. What are they?

A

Phylum Ectopracta

Phylum Brachiopoda

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of the phylum ectopracta?

A
  • invertebrates
  • moss animals
  • colony encased in a hard exoskeleton
    > which is studded with pores that have lophophores extending from them
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of the phylum brachiopoda?

A
  • lamp shells

- dorsal/ventral hinged shells

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6
Q

Do lophophorates have a true coelom?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What 3 main body parts do all molluscs in the phylum mollusca have?

What other features do molluscs have?

A
  • muscular foot
  • visceral mass
  • mantle
  • water filled mantle cavity
  • rasplike radula (which they feed from)
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8
Q

What is the function of a muscular foot?

A

Movement

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9
Q

What is the function of a visceral mass?

A

Holds the internal organs of a mollusc

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10
Q

What is the function of the mantle?

A

A gold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass and secretes a shell

  • in some molluscs, the mantle extends beyond the visceral mass and produces a water filled chamber (mantle cavity)
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11
Q

What is the function of the mantle cavity?

A

Houses the gills, anus, and excretory pores.

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12
Q

What is the function of the radula?

A

Straplike organ that scrapes up food

- radula is made of chitin, scrapes algae off rocks

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13
Q

What are the 4 classes of the phylum mollusca?

A
  1. Polyacophora (chitons)
  2. Gastropoda (snails, slugs)
  3. Bivalvia (clams, mussels, scallops, oysters)
  4. Cephalopoda (squids, octopuses)
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14
Q

What are the characteristics of the class polyplacophora (chitons)?

A
  • shells made of 8 dorsal plates
    • allows it to roll up into a ball
  • blends well into rocks
  • muscular foot sucks onto rocks
    • scrape algae off of rocks
  • foot for locomotion
  • has radula
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15
Q

What are the characteristics of the class gastropoda (snails)?

A
  • single spiraled shell
    • slugs lack a shell or have reduced shell
  • torsion
    • where the visceral mass is rotated to cause the animals anus and mantle to end up above it’s head
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16
Q

What is torsion?

A
  • where the visceral mass is rotated to cause the animals anus and mantle to end up above it’s head
  • a solution to life in a house with one entrenched
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17
Q

True or false:

All terrestrial molluscs are gastropods. All gastropods are terrestrial.

A

False

All terrestrial molluscs are gastropods. HOWEVER, not all gastropods are terrestrial.

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of the class bivalvia (clams, oysters)?

A
  • two shelled molluscs
  • two halves
  • no radula (filter feeders)
  • shells are very strong and hold them together
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19
Q

What are the characteristics of the class cephalopoda (squids)?

A
  • most intelligent of all molluscs
  • no shell
  • muscular foot is modified into tentacles
  • moves with get propulsion
  • beaklike jaws
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20
Q

Which animal group has the largest number of extinctions?

A

Molluscs

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21
Q

What are annelids?

A

Invertebrates of the clade Lophotrochozoans that:

  • belong to phylum annelida
  • coelomages with bodies composed of fused rings

WORMS

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22
Q

What are the 3 classes of the phylum annelida?

A
  • polychaeta (bristleworms)
  • oligochaeta (earthworms)
  • hirudinea (leeches)
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23
Q

What are the characteristics of the class polychaeta (bristleworms)?

A
  • marine

- paddle like parapodia that aids in locomotion

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of the class oligochaeta (earthworms)?

A
  • terrestrial
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25
Q

What are the characteristics of the class hirudinea (leeches)?

A
  • freshwater
  • parasites that suck up blood
  • secretes a chemical called hirudin to prevent blood from coagulating (solidify)
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26
Q

Ecdysozoa is a clade of invertebrates with 3 phylums. What are they?

A

Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)

Phylum Tardigrada (water bears)

Phylum Arthropoda (insects/crabs)

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27
Q

What are the characteristics of the clade Ecdysozoa?

A
  • has a tough coat called a cuticle

- perform ecdysis to shed their coat

28
Q

What is a cuticle?

A

An exoskeleton made of layers of protein and chitin

29
Q

What are the characteristics of the phylum nematoda (roundworms)?

A
  • needs moist habitat
  • infects moist tissues of animals
  • has a cuticle
  • has an alimentary canal
  • abundant
  • ecdysis
30
Q

What are the characteristics of the phylum arthropoda (insects/crabs)?

A 
- segmented bodies (head, thorax, abdomen) 
    > tagmata
- hard exoskeleton
- jointed appendages 
- found in every habitat 
- flight 
- ecdysis
31
Q

Arthropods have an _______ circulatory system in which fluid called __________ is circulated into the spaces surrounding the tissues and organs.

A

Open; hemolymph

32
Q

A variety of organs specialized for ____ _________ have evolved in arthropods.

A

gas exchange

33
Q

What are the 4 subphylums of the phylum arthropoda?

A
  1. Cheliceriformes (horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites)
  2. Myriapoda (millipedes, centipedes)
  3. Hexapoda (insects, springtails)
  4. Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp)
34
Q

What are the characteristics of the subphylum cheliceriformes (spiders/scorpions)?

A
  • clawlike feeding appendages called chelicerae
  • earliest forms were eurypterids
  • modern forms are arachnids

Arachnids have 6 pairs of appendages:

  • chelicerae
  • pedipalps (like antenna)
  • 4 pairs of walking legs
35
Q

What are eurypterids?

A

Water scorpions

36
Q

___________ are the most diverse animal phylum.

A

Arthropods

37
Q

What’s the name of the respiratory organs that perform gas exchange in spiders?

A

Book lungs

38
Q

What do spiders produce?

A

Silk, a liquid protein from specialized abdominal glands

39
Q

What are the characteristics of the subphylum myriapoda (millipedes/centipedes)?

A

Two classes:

Class Chilopoda (centipedes)

  • 1 pair of walking legs per body segment
  • carnivorous

Class Diplopoda (millipedes)

  • 2 pairs of walking legs per body segment
  • eat decaying leaves and organic matter
40
Q

What are the characteristics of the subphylum crustacea (crabs/lobsters/barnacles/shrimp)?

A
  • 2 pairs of antennae
  • 3 types of chewing mouth parts
  • varying number of legs: including swimmerets (abd. limbs)
  • distinct larval phase: nauplius larva
41
Q

Most crustaceans are marine/freshwater. There is one type of terrestrial crustacean, what are they?

A

Isopods (pill bugs)

42
Q

Of the arthropods, there are 3 types of -pods, what are they?

A
  1. Isopods
    • terrestrial, marine, freshwater
    • e.g. pill bugs
  2. Decapods
    • large crustaceans
    • e.g. crabs, lobsters, shrimp
  3. Copepods
    • planktonic
    • rivaled in abundance by shrimplike krill
    • e.g. krill, barnacles
43
Q

What are the characteristics of the subphylum hexapoda (insects)?

A
  • very diverse
  • flight
  • metamorphosis
  • complex array of mouthparts
  • 3 tagmata (head, thorax, abdomen)
  • 3 pairs of walking legs
  • 1 pair of antennae
  • 1 pair of compound eyes
44
Q

What is incomplete metamorphosis?

A

When the young (nymphs) resemble adults but are smaller and lack wings
- continues to molt until the organism fully grows, gains wings and is sexually mature

E.g., grasshoppers have a nymph stage

45
Q

What is complete metamorphosis?

A

When the insects’ larval stages (specialized for eating) look completely different from the adult (specialized for dispersal and reproduction).

From larval stage to adult stage is called pupal stage

E.g., caterpillars to butterflies

46
Q

What does it mean if an insect does not have wings?

A

It hasn’t finished metamorphosis yet (nymph stage)

47
Q

True or false:

Most insects have 4 wings attached to the thorax, and 6 legs attached to the thorax.

A

True

48
Q

In insects, where is the reproductive system?

A

Abdomen

49
Q

True or false:

Most insects have both male and female reproductive parts and reproduce asexually.

A

False

Most insects have separate males and females and reproduce sexually.

50
Q

How do insects communicate?

A

Bright colors, sounds, and odors.

51
Q

How are some insects beneficial?

How are some insects harmful?

A

Beneficial as pollinators.

Harmful as carriers of diseases, or pests of crops.

52
Q

There are two phyla of deuterostomes. What are they?

A

Echinodermata (sea stars)

Chordata

53
Q

What are characteristics of the phylum echinodermata (sea stars)?

A
  • sessile marine animals
  • thin epidermis covers endoskeleton
  • water vascular system
  • tube feet
  • separate males and females that reproduce sexually (external)
54
Q

What is a water vascular system?

A

A network of hydraulic (highly pressured) canals branching into tube feet that function in locomotion, feeding and gas exchange.

55
Q

Why are sea stars considered to be bilaterally symmetrical?

A

Larval stage is bilateral, then they develop 5 arms.

56
Q

What are the 5 classes of the phylum echinodermata?

A
  1. Asteroidea (sea stars)
  2. Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
  3. Echinoidea (sea urchins, sand dollars)
  4. Crinoidea (sea lillies, feather stats)
  5. Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
57
Q

What are the characteristics of the class asteroidea (sea stars)?

A
  • multiple arms radiating from central disk

- tube feet on undersurfaces of arms (does suction)

58
Q

What are the characteristics of the class ophiuroidea (brittle stars)?

A
  • distinct central disk

- long flexible arms for movement

59
Q

What are the characteristics of the class echinoidea (sea urchins, sand dollars)?

A
  • no arms

- five rows of tube feet

60
Q

What are the characteristics of the class crinoidea (sea lillies, feather stars)?

A
  • attach to substrates by a stalk

- feather stars crawl using long arms

61
Q

What are the characteristics of the class holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)?

A
  • lack spines
  • reduced exoskeleton
  • 5 rows of tube feet
62
Q

What are the 3 subphylums of the phylum chordata?

A

Cephalochordata (lancelets)
Urochordata (tunicates)
Vertebrata (vertebrates)

63
Q

What are the characteristics of the subphylum Cephalochordata (lancelets)?

A
  • no vertebrae
  • has a notochord
  • suspension feeders
  • bury in sand and heads poke out

Named for their bladelike/swordlike shape.
They contract their muscles against the notochord for locomotion.
Chordate characteristics remain as adults.

64
Q

What are the characteristics of the subphylum urochordata (tunicates, sea squirts)?

A
  • larva has a notochord
  • adult is a filter feeder
  • adult had degraded nervous system
  • adult has no notochord

Chordate characteristics diminish in the adult stage, except for the pharynx which forms a net structure.

65
Q

The most basal group of living chordates are animals called ___________.

A

lancelets

Bio 94: Exam 3 (8 decks)

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