chapter 32: immobility

Question 1

What is the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 1

Consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system which controls involuntary muscles, such as the heart, blood vessels, and glands.

Question 2

What is the somatic nervous system?

Answer 2

Controls the voluntary muscles

Question 3

Define range of motion (ROM)

Answer 3

maximum movement possible at a joint

Question 4

Define active range of motion (AROM)

Answer 4

movement of the joint performed by the individual without assistance

Question 5

Define passive ROM

Answer 5

involves moving joints through their ROM when the patient is unable to do so for himself

Question 6

Define immobility

Answer 6

prolonged or significant lack of mobility, such as with bed rest and extensive time in traction

Question 7

What are some risk factors for impaired mobility?

Answer 7

Age, chronic health conditions, chronic pain, and surgery

Question 8

What are some complications of immobility for the respiratory system?

Answer 8

Respiratory tract infections, atelectasis, and pulmonary emboli

Question 9

What are some complications of immobility for the cardiovascular system?

Answer 9

postural hypotension, cardiac muscle atrophy, orthostatic intolerance, and DVTs

Question 10

What are some complications of immobility for the hematologic system?

Answer 10

anemia

Question 11

What are some complications of immobility for the metabolic system?

Answer 11

glucose intolerance

Question 12

What are some complications of immobility for the skin?

Answer 12

pressure ulcers

Question 13

What are some complications of immobility for the neurological system?

Answer 13

depression, anxiety, forgetfulness, and confusion

Question 14

What are some complications of immobility for the musculoskeletal system?

Answer 14

osteoporosis, muscle atrophy and weakness, and contractures

Question 15

What are some complications of immobility for the renal system?

Answer 15

renal calculi

Question 16

What are some complications of the gastrointestinal system?

Answer 16

constipation and fecal impaction

Question 17

Explain orthostatic hypotension

Answer 17

A drop of > 20mmHg in SBP or >10 mmHg in DBP and symptoms when a person moves from supine/sitting to standing

Question 18

How can we treat complications of immobility in the cardiovascular system?

Answer 18

Having the patient dangle their feet prior to standing and rising slowly. Helping the patient to a sitting position prior to attempting to stand. Place patients on fall risk precautions and assist them with standing/ambulation

Question 19

Explain disuse atrophy

Answer 19

The tendency of cells/tissues to shrink in size and function due to lack of use

Question 20

What are some safety risks that occur with disuse atrophy?

Answer 20

loss of endurance, decrease muscle strength and mass, joint instability, and increased risk of falls

Question 21

What are some proper body mechanics when providing care?

Answer 21

using mechanical equipment, safety, patient independence, determining patient comfort level, determining if you need assistance, having a wide base when lifting, squatting to lift, and avoiding bending and twisting

Question 22

Explain range of motion

Answer 22

the maximum movement possible at a joint

Question 23

Explain active range of motion
(AROM)

Answer 23

movement of the joint performed by the individual without assistance

Question 24

Explain passive range of motion (PROM)

Answer 24

involves moving joints through their ROM when the patient is unable to do so for himself

Question 25

Explain isometric exercise

Answer 25

involves muscle contraction without motion. they are usually performed against an immovable surface or object, with no special equipment or example, pressing the hand against a wall.

Question 26

Explain isotonic exercise

Answer 26

involves movement of the joint during muscle contraction. an example could be weight training with free weights.

Question 27

Explain aerobic exercises

Answer 27

occurs when the amount of oxygen taken into the body meets or exceeds the amount required to perform the activity. this type uses large muscle groups and is rhythmic in nature. examples are jogging brisk walking, and cycling

Question 28

Explain anaerobic exercise

Answer 28

occurs when the amount of oxygen in the body does not meet the amount required to perform the activity. some examples include rapid, intense exercises such as heavy lifting and sprinting.

Question 29

supine (dorsal recumbent)