Chapter 31 Study Guide

Question 1

Federal government role in relation of medications

Answer 1

the federal government protects the health of the people by ensuring that medications are safe and effective. Currently, the Food and Drug Administration ensures that all medications undergo vigorous testing before they are sold

Question 2

State government role in relation of medications

Answer 2

the state governments conform to federal legislation but also have additional controls such as alcohol and tobacco

Question 3

Health care institutions role in relation of medications

Answer 3

health care institutions have individual policies to meet federal and state regulations

Question 4

Nurse practice act role in relation of medications

Answer 4

defines the scope of a nurse’s professional functions and responsibilities

Question 5

Chemical Name

Answer 5

provides an exact description of the medication’s composition and molecular structure

Question 6

Generic Name

Answer 6

is created by the manufacturer who first develops the medication; this becomes the official name

Question 7

Trade Name

Answer 7

is one that the manufacturer has trademarked to identify the particular version they manufacture

Question 8

A medication classification indicates

Answer 8

the effect of the medication on a body system, the symptoms the medication relieves, or the medication’s desired effect

Question 9

The form of the medication determines its

Answer 9

route of administration

Question 10

Pharmacokinetics is

Answer 10

the study of how medications enter the body, reach their site of action, metabolize, and exit the body

Question 11

Absorption is

Answer 11

refers to the passage of medication molecules into the blood from the site of administration

Question 12

Identify the factors that influence drug absorption

Answer 12

a. route of administration
b. ability of the medication to dissolve
c. blood flow to the site of administration
d. body surface area
e. lipid solubility

Question 13

Identify the factors that affect the rate and extent of medication distribution

Answer 13

a. circulation
b. membrane permeability
c. protein binding
d. metabolism
e. excretion

Question 14

Explain the role of metabolism

Answer 14

after a medication reaches its site of action, it becomes metabolized into a less active or inactive form that is easier to excrete

Question 15

Identify the primary organ for drug excretion, and explain what happens if this organ’s function declines

Answer 15

the kidneys are the primary organ for drug excretion. when renal function declines, a patient is at risk for medication toxicity

Question 16

Therapeutic Effects

Answer 16

are the expected or predictable physiological response to a medication

Question 17

Side Effects

Answer 17

are predictable and often unavoidable secondary effects a medication predictably will call

Question 18

Adverse Effects

Answer 18

are unintended, undesirable, and often unpredictable severe responses to medication

Question 19

Toxic Effects

Answer 19

develop after prolonged intake of a medication or when a medication accumulates in the blood because of impaired metabolism or excretion

Question 20

Idiosyncratic Reactions

Answer 20

are unpredictable effects in which a patient overreacts or underreacts to a medication or has a reaction that is different from normal

Question 21

Allergic Reactions

Answer 21

are unpredictable responses to a medication

Question 22

Anaphylactic Reactions

Answer 22

are allergic reactions that are life threatening and characterized by sudden constriction of bronchiolar muscles, edema of the pharynx and larynx, and severe wheezing and shortness of breath

Question 23

Medication Interaction

Answer 23

occurs when one medication modifies he action of another medication; it may alter the way another medication is absorbed, metabolized, or eliminated from the body

Question 24

Synergistic Effect

Answer 24

is when the combined effect of the two medications is greater than the effect of the medications when given separately

Question 25

Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC)

Answer 25

is the plasma level of a medication below which the medication’s effect will not occur

Question 26

Peak Concentration

Answer 26

the highest serum level concentration

Question 27

Trough Concentration

Answer 27

the lowest serum level concentration

Question 28

Biological Half-Life

Answer 28

is the time it takes for excretion processes to lower the serum medication concentration by half

Question 29

Identify the 3 types of oral routes

Answer 29

a. oral
b. buccal
c. sublingual

Question 30

Identify 5 methods for applying medications to mucous membranes

Answer 30

a. directly applying a liquid or ointment
b. inserting a medication into a body cavity
c. instilling fluid into a body cavity
d. irrigating a body cavity
e. spraying

Question 31

Identify the benefit of the inhalation route

Answer 31

inhaled medications are readily absorbed and work rapidly because of the rich vascular alveolar capillary network present in the pulmonary tissue

Question 32

Identify the 3 types of measurements used in medication therapy

Answer 32

a. metric
b. apothecary
c. household

Question 33

A solution is

Answer 33

a given mass of solid substance dissolved in a known volume of fluid or a given volume of liquid dissolved in a known volume of another fluid

Question 34

Write out the formula used to determine the correct dose when preparing solid or liquid forms of medications

Answer 34

dose ordered/dose on hand x amount on hand = amount to administer

Question 35

Verbal

Answer 35

if the order is given verbally to the nurse by the provider, it is a verbal order

Question 36

Standing Or Routine Order

Answer 36

is carried out until the prescriber cancels it by another order or until a prescribed number of days elapse

Question 37

PRN Order

Answer 37

is a medication that is given only when a patient requires it

Question 38

Single (one-time) Dose

Answer 38

is given only once at a specified time

Question 39

STAT Order

Answer 39

describes a single dose of a medication to be given immediately and only once

Question 40

Now

Answer 40

is used when a patient needs a medication quickly but not right away; the nurse has up to 90 minutes to administer

Question 41

List the medication distribution systems

Answer 41

a. unit dose

b. automated medication dispensing systems (AMDS)

Question 42

Identify the common medication errors that can cause patient harm

Answer 42

a. inaccurate prescribing
b. administration of the wrong medicine
c. giving the medication using the wrong route or time interval
d. administering extra doses
e. failing to administer a medication

Question 43

Identify the process for medication reconciliation

Answer 43

a. verify
b. clarify
c. reconcile
d. transmit

Question 44

List the 6 rights of medication administration

Answer 44

a. the right medication
b. the right dose
c. the right patient
d. the right route
e. the right time
f. the right documentation

Question 45

Briefly summarize The Patient Care Partnership related to medication administration

Answer 45

a. be informed of the medication’s name, purpose, action, and potential undesired effects
b. refuse a medication regardless of the consequences
c. have qualified nurses or physicians assess a medication history
d. be properly advised of the experimental nature of medication therapy and give written consent
e. receive labeled medications safely without discomfort
f. receive appropriate supportive therapy
g. be informed if medications are a part of a research study

Question 46

Identify the areas the nurse needs to assess to determine the need for and potential response to medication therapy

Answer 46

a. history
b. history of allergies
c. medication date
d. diet history
e. patient’s perceptual coordination problems
f. patient’s current condition
g. patient’s attitude about mediation use
h. patient’s knowledge and understanding of medication therapy
i. patient’s learning needs

Question 47

Identify 7 of the potential nursing diagnoses used during the administration of medications

Answer 47

a. anxiety
b. ineffective health maintenance
c. readiness for enhanced immunization status
d. deficient knowledge
e. noncompliance
f. effective therapeutic regimen management
g. impaired swallowing

Question 48

Identify the outcomes for a patient with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes

Answer 48

a. will verbalize understanding of desired effects and adverse effects of medications
b. will state signs, symptoms, and treatment of hypoglycemia
c. will monitor blood sugar to determine if medication is appropriate to take
d. will establish a daily routine that will coordinate timing of medication with meal times

Question 49

Identify factors that can influence the patient’s compliance with the medication regimen

Answer 49

a. health beliefs
b. personal motivations
c. socioeconomic factors
d. habits

Question 50

Identify the components of medication orders

Answer 50

a. patient’s full name
b. date and time that the order is written
c. mediation name
d. dose
e. route of administration
f. time and frequency of administration
g. signature of provider

Question 51

The recording of medication includes

Answer 51

a. the name of the medication
b. dose
c. route
d. exact time of administration
e. site

Question 52

Explain the reasons why polypharmacy happens to a patient

Answer 52

when patients need to take several medications to treat their illnesses, take two or more medications from the same chemical class, use two or more mediations with the same or similar actions or mix medications, polypharmacy happens

Question 53

Identify 2 goals for safe and effective medication administration

Answer 53

a. patient responds to therapy

b. patient has the ability to assume responsibility for self-care

Question 54

Identify the precautions to take when administering any oral preparation to prevent aspiration

Answer 54

a. determine the patient’s ability to swallow and cough and check for gag reflex
b. prepare oral medications in the form that is easiest to swallow
c. allow the patient to self-administer medications if possible
d. if the patient has unilateral weakness, place the medication in the stronger side of the mouth
e. administer pills one at a time, ensuring that each medication is properly swallowed before the next one is introduced
f. thicken regular liquids or offer fruit nectars if the patient cannot tolerate thin liquids
g. avoid straws because they decrease the control the patient has over volume intake, which increases the risk of aspiration
h. have the patient hold the cup and drink it if possible
i. time medications to coincide with meal times or when the patient is well rested and awake if possible
j. administer medications using another route if risk of aspiration is severe

Question 55

Identify the guidelines to ensure safe administration of transdermal or topical medications

Answer 55

a. document where the medication was placed in the MAR
b. assess if patient has an existing patch before application
c. medication history and reconciling medications
d. apply a noticeable label to the patch
e. document removal of medications on the MAR

Question 56

The most common form of nasal instillation is

Answer 56

decongestant spray or drops

Question 57

List 4 principles for administering eye instillations

Answer 57

a. avoid instilling any eye medication directly onto the cornea
b. avoid touching the eyelids or other eye structures with eye droppers or ointment tube
c. use medication only for the patient’s affected eye
d. never allow a patient to use another patient’s eye medication

Question 58

Failure to instill ear drops at room temperature causes

Answer 58

a. vertigo
b. dizziness
c. nausea

Question 59

Vaginal medications are available as

Answer 59

a. suppositories
b. foam
c. jellies
d. creams

Question 60

Rectal suppositories are used for

Answer 60

exerting local effects (promoting defecation) or systemic effects (reducing nausea)

Question 61

Pressurized Metered-dose Inhalers (pMDIs)

Answer 61

delivers a measured dose of medication with each push of a canister often used with a spacer

Question 62

Breath-actuated Metered-dose inhalers (BAIs)

Answer 62

releases medication when a patient raises a level and then inhales

Question 63

Dry Powder Inhalers (DPIs)

Answer 63

hold dry, powered medication and create an aerosol when the patient inhales through a reservoir that contains the medication

Question 64

The study of how drugs enter the body, reach their sits of action, are metabolized, and exit from the body is called:

1. Pharmacology
2. Pharmacopoeia
3. Pharmacokinetics
4. Biopharmaceutical

Answer 64

3. definition of pharmacokinetics

Question 65

Which statement correctly characterizes drug absorption?

1. Most drugs must enter the systemic circulation to have a therapeutic effect.
2. Oral medications are absorbed more quickly when administered with meals
3. Mucous membranes are relatively impermeable to chemicals, making absorption slow
4. Drugs administered subcutaneously are absorbed more quickly than those injected intramuscularly

Answer 65

1.. absorption refers to the passage of medication molecules into the blood from the site of administration

Question 66

The onset of drug action is the time it takes for a drug to:

1. Produce a response
2. Accelerate the cellular process
3. Reach its highest effective concentration
4. Produce blood serum concentration and maintenance

Answer 66

1. definition of onset

Question 67

Using the body surface area formula, what dose of drug X should a child who weighs 12 kg (body surface area = 0.54 m2) receive if the normal adult dose of drug X is 300 mg?

1. 50 mg
2. 90 mg
3. 100 mg
4. 200 mg

Answer 67

2. child’s dose = surface of child/1.7 m2 x normal adult dose