Chapter 31 - Sensory perception Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory system

A

Portion of nervous system. In vertebrates, consists of sensory neurons, nerves, and brain regions for information processing.

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2
Q

Stimulus

A

Form of energy that activates receptor endings of a sensory neuron

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3
Q

Somatic sensations

A

Basically the 5 senses, except not. Taste, smell, hearing, vision, and balance. Responses to receptors near body surface and in skeletal muscle, joints, and walls of soft internal organs.

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4
Q

5 classes of sensory receptors

A

Mechanoreceptors, pain receptors, thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors, and photoreceptors

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5
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Detect mechanical energy (eg change in pressure, position, acceleration). Found in ears.

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6
Q

Pain receptors

A

Detect tissue damage

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7
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Detect temperature change

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8
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Detect chemical energy of specific substances dissolved in the fluid surrounding them. Found in noses and tongue.

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9
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

Detect change in concentration of solutes in a body fluid (eg blood)

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10
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Detect forms of light energy. Contain pigment molecules that can absorb photon energy, which can be converted to excitation energy in a sensory neuron.

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11
Q

How does brain figure out stimulus location and intensity, if all action potentials are always the same size?

A

It figures out which nerve pathways have action potentials, the frequency of action potentials in the pathway, and the number of axons activated by the stimulus.

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12
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

When sensory neurons stop firing despite continued stimulation. eg putting on a sock.

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13
Q

Pain

A

Perception of tissue injury. Somatic pain comes from skin, skeletal muscle, joints, and tendons. Visceral pain comes from internal organs.

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14
Q

Olfaction

A

Sense of smell. Chemoreceptors bind substances and dissolve them in fluid around them. Receptor axons lead into one of two olfactory bulbs, where neurons sort components of scent before signaling cerebrum.

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15
Q

Olfactory receptors

A

Detect water soluble or easily vaporized chemicals. Humans have 5 million, bloodhounds have 200 million.

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16
Q

Pheremones

A

Signaling molecules secreted by individual that changes social behavior of others in species.

17
Q

Vomeronasal organ

A

Responds to pheromones, located in nasal cavity. Cluster of sensory neurons.

18
Q

Taste receptors

A

Clusters of chemoreceptor and supporting cells in special epithelial papillae. Detect chemicals dissolved in fluid.

19
Q

5 tastes and what cause them

A
Sweet = Glucose and simple sugars
Sour = Acids
Salty =NaCl and other salts
Bitter = plant toxins, like alkaloids
Umami = Amino acids like clutamate
20
Q

Organs of equilibrium

A

Part of sensory systems that monitor body’s poisitions and motions (eg ears with their vestibular apparatus)

21
Q

Vestibular apparatus

A

3 semicircular canals and 2 sacs (saccule and utricle). Have hair cells that react when fluid in ear deforms cilia on hair cells. Dynamic equilibrium senses any angular movement and rotation of head. Static equilibruim in saccule and utricle help monitor head’s position and how fast head is moving in a straight line. Helps with posture and keeping the head upright.

22
Q

Middle ear

A

Amplifies and transmits air waves to the inner ear. Auditory canal leads to eardrum, which vibrates from pressure waves. Behind is air filled cavity with hammer, anvil, and stirrup, which transmits force from eardrum to oval window. 9b on pg 518.

23
Q

Inner ear

A

Has cochlea, which is a pea sized, fluid-filled structure coiled like a snail shell. Transduction of sound waves into action potentials.

24
Q

Lens

A

Transparent body that bends all light rays from any point on visual field onto photoreceptors packed in retina.

25
Q

Outer layer of eyeball wall

A

Sclera - protects eyeball

Cornea-focuses light

26
Q

Middle layer

A

Pupil - entrance for light
Iris - adjusts diameter of pupil
Ciliary body - Muscles control lens shape. Fine fibers hold lens in place
Choroid - Blood vessels give nutrition to wall cells. Pigments stop light from scattering
Start of optic nerve located here.

27
Q

Inner layer

A

Retina - absorbs and transduces light energy

28
Q

Interior of eyeball

A

Lens, aqueous humor (Transmits light, maintains fluid pressure), vitreous body (Transmits light, supports lens and eyeball)

29
Q

2 types of photoreceptors in pigmented epithelium behind retina

A

Rod cells - Detect dim light. Respond to changes in light intensity and the start of coarse perception of motion. Visual pigment is rhodpsin. Absorption of photon causes rod to change shape, starting reaction.
Cone cells - detect bright light and is the start of sharp daytime vision and color perception. Three types, each with a different pigment. One pigment best for absorbing red light, another blue, and the last green.

30
Q

Signal processing for vision

A

Starts in retina, where rods and cones communicate with layers of neurons. Signal converge on bipolar cells, which go to ganglion cells. Ganglion cells axons bundle into an optic nerve to the optic chiasm in the brain. Information from right visual field sent to left hemisphere of brain, and vice versa. Each optic nerve ends in brain center which processes signals, then to visual cortex.