Chapter 31: Infection Prevention/Management

Question 1

Disease

Answer 1

the decline in wellness of a host due to infection.

Question 2

Infection

Answer 2

Infection is a condition in which the host interacts physiologically and immunologically with a microorganism.

Question 3

Colonization

Answer 3

State in which a microorganism is present but no immune reaction or tissue destruction occurs

Aka the presence of micros w/o host interference or interaction

the introduction of microorganisms onto a body surface, where they grow and multiply but do not invade the body or cause an immune response or symptoms

Question 4

subclinical infection

Answer 4

When the body successfully resists being overwhelmed by infection
Infection that shows little/few signs or symptoms and host may be unaware of its exposure
Antigens form that can be recovered from the person’s blood

Question 5

secondary infection

Answer 5

A secondary infection is an infection that occurs during or after treatment for another infection. It may be caused by the first treatment or by changes in the immune system.

Infection that occurs in a weakened client

Question 6

Clinical Disease

Answer 6

A disease that has obvious/recognizable clinical signs and symptoms

Question 7

Sepsis

Answer 7

poisoning of body tissues, usually referring to blood borne organisms and their toxic products

Symptoms: increased heart rate greater than 90 respiration greater than 20 a minute

lactate levels increase secondary to anaerobic metabolism due to hypoperfusion

Question 8

incubation period

Answer 8

refers to the time between the pathogen’s entrance into the host and the appearance of symptoms

Question 9

incubation period

Answer 9

refers to the time between the pathogen’s entrance into the body and the appearance of symptoms of infection

During this stage, the organisms are growing and multiplying.

Question 10

prodromal period

Answer 10

characterized by nonspecific symptoms

Question 11

prodromal period

Answer 11

When a person is most infectious
Early signs and symptoms of disease are present, but are often vague and nonspecific (ranging from fatigue and malaise to a low-grade fever)

Question 12

passive period

Answer 12

immunity that is transferred to the recipient

Question 13

Lactic Acid

Answer 13

Present in blood as lactate
Normal levels: 0.3 to 2.6 mol/L
lactate levels increase secondary to anaerobic metabolism due to hypo perfusion

Question 14

Wound Infection Symptoms

Answer 14

Clinical evidence of redness, heat, and pain, and laboratory evidence of white blood cells on the wound specimen smear, suggest infection

Question 15

acute phase

Answer 15

occurs when specific symptoms and often laboratory analysis can identify the disease

Question 16

Neutropenia

Answer 16

present when the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) falls to fewer than 1,000 cells/mm3

Question 17

Infections that are cause for concern to society

Answer 17

Increasing numbers of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs), including TB, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), resistant Clostridium difficile (C. difficile), and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)

Question 18

Mechanical Defense Mechanisms

Answer 18

Mechanical defense mechanisms are physical barriers that prevent microorganisms from gaining entry or expel microorganisms before they multiply. Examples are the skin and mucous membranes, physiologic reflexes (e.g., sneezing, coughing, vomiting), and macrophages. Casts, clothing, and sunscreen do not keep microorganisms from gaining entry to the body

Question 19

Systemic Affect

Answer 19

means affecting the whole body, or at least multiple organ systems

Question 20

Fever Phase

Answer 20

skin is warm and flushed, and the client has general malaise

Question 21

Signs of infection

Answer 21

the lymph nodes that drain an infected area may become enlarged and easily palpable (“swollen glands”). As the swelling increases, the nodes may also become tender

Question 22

Signs of inflammation

Answer 22

the lymphatic capillaries dilate as excess interstitial fluid, proteins, and invading microorganisms enter the lymphatic system

Question 23

Hyperlactemia

Answer 23

Often present in clients with severe sepsis. All clients with elevated lactate levels greater than 4 mmol/L need early, goal-directed therapy for severe sepsis resuscitation bundle, regardless of blood pressure.

Question 24

Swelling Indications

Answer 24

The swelling indicates that lymphocytes and macrophages in the lymph node are fighting the infection and trying to limit its spread

Question 25

Characteristics of Full Stage of Illness

Answer 25

The presence of specific signs and symptoms and this type of infection determines the length of the illness and the severity of the manifestations

Question 26

Covalence period

Answer 26

recovery from infection

the signs and symptoms disappear, and the person returns to a healthy state.

Question 27

Septicemia

Answer 27

A temperature greater than 100.4°F (38°C) and a WBC count greater than 12,000 or less than 4,000 are signs of this.

Other signs include a heart rate greater than 90 bpm and a RR greater than 20 bpm, chills, confusion, lethargy, mottling, and decreased urine output.

Question 28

Acquired Specific Defenses

Answer 28

Include cellular and humoral immunity

Question 29

Non Specific Natural Defenses

Answer 29

Gastric acid secretion, phagocytosis, and intact skin are nonspecific

Question 30

From the time of admission, broad-spectrum antibiotics should be administered within 3 hours for emergency department admissions, and within 1 hour for non-emergency department ICU admissions.

Answer 30

Evidence suggests that early administration of appropriate antibiotics reduces mortality in clients with gram-positive and gram-negative bacteremia.

Question 31

SBAR

Answer 31

Situations: What is happening at the present time? Background: What are the circumstances leading up to this situation? Assessment: What do I think the problem is? Recommendations: What should we do to correct the problem?

Question 32

Anaerobic Culture

Answer 32

obtained from deep in the cavity to identify organisms that may grow where oxygen is not present.

Question 33

Aerobic Culture

Answer 33

the nurse would obtain the specimen from deep in an area of active drainage

Question 34

Additional notes on cultures

Answer 34

cultures are NEVER taken from the edge of a wound or from soiled dressing

Question 35

Febrile Episode

Answer 35

Has 3 Phases:

1. Chill
2. Fever
3. Flushing (Crisis)

Question 36

Cellular Immunity Function

Answer 36

reactivate if the same antigen (toxin or foreign substance) reappears.

Question 37

Complement System

Answer 37

enhances phagocytosis of microbes, helps lysis of bacterial cell walls, and encourages inflammatory response