Chapter 31- Growth and Development

Question 1

Cephalocaudal development

Answer 1

child gains control of the head and neck before the trunk and limbs.

Question 2

What is proximodistal development

Answer 2

When child gains control of his trunk before his limbs.

Question 3

why do nurses use anticipatory guidance

Answer 3

to predict upcoming developmental tasks and needs of a child and to perform appropriate teaching related to them.

Question 4

What is Freud’s theoretical framework consist of?

Answer 4

He composed psychoanalytic techniques that sexual energy is centered in specific parts of the body at certain ages.

Question 5

What are the three parts of Freud’s personality structure?

Answer 5

id: that basic sexual energy is present at birth and drives the individual to seek pleasure
ego: the realistic part of the person, which develops during infancy and searches for acceptable methods of meeting impulses.
superego: the moral/ethical system, which develops in childhood.

Question 6

What stage of life is infancy

Answer 6

birth to 12 months

Question 7

What is the age group for Toddlerhood>?

Answer 7

1-3 years

Question 8

Preschoolers?

Answer 8

3-6 years

Question 9

School Age?

Answer 9

6-12 years old

Question 10

Adolescence?

Answer 10

12-18 years old

Question 11

What are the 4 defense mechanisms and what do they mean?

Answer 11

Regression: Return to an earlier behavior.
Repression: Involuntary forgetfulness
Rationalization: An attempt to make unacceptable feeling acceptable.
Fantasy: creating scenarios in your head

Question 12

What is Freud’s Oral Stage?

Answer 12

Birth to 1 year: infant derives pleasure from the mouth by sucking and eating

Question 13

What is Freud’s Anal Stage?

Answer 13

1 to 3 years: The young child’s pleasure is centered in the anal area, with control over body secretions as a prime force in behavior

Question 14

What is Freud’s Phallic Stage?

Answer 14

3 to 6 years old: Sexual energy is shifted to the genetalia

Question 15

What is Freud’s Latency Stage?

Answer 15

6 to 12 years old. Sexual energy is at rest

Question 16

What is Freud’s Genital age?

Answer 16

12 to adulthood: mature sexuality is achieved.

Question 17

What is Erickson’s theoretical framework beliefs?

Answer 17

he describes psychosocial developmental theory, which describes psychosocial stages during 8 period of human life.

Question 18

What are the 8 stages of Erickson’s theories?

Answer 18

Trust vs Mistrust (birth to 1)
Autonomy Vs Shame and Doubt ( 1-3 years)
Initiative vs Guilt (3-6 years)
industry vs inferiority (6 to 12 years)
Identity vs Role confusion (12 to 18 )

Question 19

What is Piagets Theory of Development?

Answer 19

A theory of cognitive development.

Question 20

What is Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage?

Answer 20

Birth to 2 years old: learns through use of senses
Birth to 1 month: Uses of reflexes- sucking, rooting, grasping
1-4 months: Primary Circular reactions
4-8 months: Secondary Circular Reactions
8-12 months: Coordiation of secondary Schemes
12-18 months: Tertiary circular reactions

Question 21

What is Piaget’s Preoparational Stage?

Answer 21

2-7 years old- Logic not developed
2-4- preconceptual substage- child is unable to see things from perspective.
4-7 Intuitive substage rely on transduction reasonin
7-11 Concrete Operational (7-11 years) Can reason well
11-adulthood Fully mature

Question 22

What is the social learning theory

Answer 22

Children model behavior they see. They repeat positively reinforced behavior. They are more likely to cooperate if they see other people performing the task willingly

Question 23

What is the behaviorism theory

Answer 23

Behavior can be elicited by positive reinforcement

Behavior can be extinguished by negative reinforcement.

Question 24

Give an example of positive reinforcement

Answer 24

give a sticker after a blood draw or exam.

Question 25

What is the Ecologic Theory?

Answer 25

Interventions are planned to enhance strengths of child’s settings and to improve on areas that are not supportive.

Question 26

What is Microsystem?

Answer 26

Daily, consistent, close relationships. Childcare, school, friends

Question 27

What is a Mesosystem?

Answer 27

Relationships between Microsystems. Parent involvement in child schools.\

Question 28

What is Exosystems?

Answer 28

Settings that influence child even though child is not in close contact with them. Parents jobs, school district

Question 29

What is a microsystem?

Answer 29

beliefs, values, and behaviors expressed in environment. Culture and politics.

Question 30

What is a chronosystem?

Answer 30

Time period in which child grows up. Age of parent, child, and other family members.

Question 31

What is the temperament theory

Answer 31

Personality type determined y characteristics displayed in infancy. Goodness of fit, whether parents parents expectations of their child’s behavior are consistent with Childs temperament.